WordNet

arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
the management of someone or something; "the handling of prisoners"; "the treatment of water sewage"; "the right to equal treatment in the criminal justice system" (同)handling
care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) (同)intervention
a manner of dealing with something artistically; "his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture"
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
arranged into groups (同)sorted

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
〈U〉(人・物の)『取り扱い』,扱い方《+of+名》 / 〈U〉治療;〈C〉(…に対する)治療法《+for+名》
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/09 00:46:51」(JST)

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In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s).^[1] In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.^[2]

For the conclusions drawn from the results of an experiment to have validity, it is essential that the items or patients assigned to treatment and control groups be representative of the same population.^[3] In some experiments, such as many in agriculture^[4] or psychology,^[5]^[6]^[7] this can be achieved by randomly assigning items from a common population to one of the treatment and control groups.^[1] In studies of twins involving just one treatment group and a control group, it is statistically efficient to do this random assignment separately for each pair of twins, so that one is in the treatment group and one in the control group.

In some medical studies, where it may be unethical not to treat patients who present with symptoms, controls may be given a standard treatment, rather than no treatment at all.^[2] Another alternative is to select controls from a wider population, provided that this population is well-defined and that those presenting with symptoms at the clinic are representative of those in the wider population.^[3]

Notes[edit source | edit]

^ ^a ^b Hinkelmann, Klaus; Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9. MR 2363107.
^ ^a ^b Bailey, R. A. (2008). Design of comparative experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. MR 2422352.
^ ^a ^b Everitt, B.S. (2002) The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, CUP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X (entry for control group)
^ Neyman, Jerzy (1990) [1923], "On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles (Section 9)", in Dabrowska, Dorota M.; Speed, Terence P., Statistical Science (Translated from (1923) Polish ed. ed.) 5 (4): 465–472
^ Ian Hacking (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis (A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment) 79 (3): 427–451.
^ Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education 101 (1): 60–70. doi:10.1086/444032.
^ Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design". Isis 88 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1086/383850. PMID 9519574.

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