handling

• 取扱い

　 　

WordNet

1. the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the hands) or by the use of mechanical means (同)manipulation
2. manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with something
3. act of loading and unloading and moving goods within e.g. a factory especially using mechanical devices
4. the cost of handling (especially the cost of packaging and mailing an order) (同)handling charge

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/23 08:19:25」(JST)

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"Handling" redirects here. For the turning characteristics of land vehicles, see Car handling.

Handling stolen goods is the name of a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. It takes place after a theft or other dishonest acquisition is completed and may be committed by a fence or other person who helps the thief to realise the value of the stolen goods. It replaces the offence of receiving stolen goods under section 33 of the Larceny Act 1916.

Handling stolen property is the name of a statutory offence in the Republic of Ireland.

England and Wales

Definition

This offence is created by section 22(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which provides:

A person handles stolen goods if (otherwise than in the course of stealing), knowing or believing them to be stolen goods he dishonestly receives the goods, or dishonestly undertakes or assists in their retention, removal, disposal or realisation by or for the benefit of another person, or if he arranges to do so.

Elements of the offence

Stolen goods

This term means property stolen anywhere, as long as the theft amounted to an offence where committed. It includes any proceeds of that property, including money for which it has been sold, and anything bought with those proceeds.

However, property which has been returned to the original owner, or otherwise lawful custody, is no longer regarded as stolen, by section 24(3). This may create difficulties, as in Haughton v. Smith.

It is not necessary that the property be "stolen" in a limited sense; section 24(4) of the Act specifically extends the scope to property obtained by fraud or blackmail. However, it is also implicit in the definition of offences such as burglary or robbery that handling may apply to the proceeds of these offences.

Dealing

The offence of handling is drafted widely enough to criminalise any dishonest dealing with property which has been come by dishonestly; for example, the original thief may also be convicted of a subsequent handling if he later arranges its sale. A codification of the methods of dealing has been suggested as

1. receiving stolen goods,
2. arranging to receive them,
3. undertaking the keeping, removing, disposing of or realisation of stolen goods by or for the benefit of another person, or helping with any of those things, or
4. arranging to do any of the things in (3).

This makes the actus reus of handling very wide; for example, in R v Kanwar, a man had brought stolen goods into the marital home, and his wife, the defendant, had lied to the police; it was held that this constituted "assisting in the retention" of those goods.

Knowledge or belief

The accused's knowledge or belief as to the nature of the goods is crucial, but has been a constant source of interpretive problems. Either may be based on what the thief says or some other positive information, but belief is less than knowledge and more than mere suspicion. In R v Hall [1985] 81 Cr App R 260, it was held that, per Boreham, J.,

Belief.. is something short of knowledge. It may be said to be the state of mind of a person who says to himself: "I cannot say I know for certain that these goods are stolen, but there can be no other reasonable conclusion in the light of all the circumstances, in the light of all that I have heard and seen".

He went on to distinguish the case where a defendant has said

"I suspect that these goods may be stolen, but it may be on the other hand that they are not"

The situation is further complicated by the concept of recklessness or wilful blindness to the circumstances; either will be treated as a belief that the goods are stolen. Thus, suspicion will be converted into belief when the facts are so obvious that belief may safely be imputed. So if the defendant bought goods in a pub or a dark alley for a fraction of their true value and it is clear that identification marks or serial numbers have been erased, any denial of belief by the defendant would not be credible.

Dishonestly

See Dishonesty. The mens rea of the offence is the same as for theft (see R v Ghosh 75 Cr App R 154.).

Attempts to handle stolen goods

There was at one time an issue of impossibility in that the defendant may be dishonest and intend to handle goods (which he believes to be stolen) but which are not in fact stolen. The House of Lords ruled in Haughton v. Smith (1973) that where goods previously stolen have been reduced into lawful possession, not only can they not be handled, but there can be no attempt to handle them. Since then, section 1 of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 confirms that such a defendant can be convicted.

Relationship to laundering

Laundering is now an offence under ss.327/9 and 340(3)(b) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and the distinction with handling depends on whether the defendant's intention was to launder the proceeds of crime or merely to assist a thief. Laundering covers large amounts of money in a series of transactions over time when the defendant knows or suspects that the assets which he has concealed, acquired, used, possessed, or in respect of which he has entered into an arrangement which he knows or suspects facilitates the acquisition, retention, use or control of criminal property by or on behalf of another person, are the proceeds of criminal conduct (compare money laundering).

Related offence

Section 23 of the 1968 Act creates an offence of "advertising rewards for the return of stolen goods". This prohibits public advertising for the return of such goods stating that "no questions will be asked", or offering immunity from prosecution to the returner, or stating that any monies paid for the goods will be reimbursed. This is a summary offence but is rarely prosecuted.

Mode of trial and sentence

Handling stolen goods is triable either way. A person guilty of handling stolen goods is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years, or on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the prescribed sum, or to both.

Procedure

The wording of Section 22 actually creates eighteen ways in which handling may be committed, This may create a problem for prosecutors in that Rule 7 of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005, and Rule 7 of the Indictments Rules 1971 provide that only a single offence may be charged in one information (in the Magistrates' Court) or in one count of an indictment (in the Crown Court). It can also be difficult to determine the meaning of "otherwise than in the course of stealing"; it was decided in R v Hale [1979] 1 Crim LR 596 that the "appropriation" in theft may be a continuing act, so it may be difficult to determine whether a theft has been completed. Apart from the apparent difficulties of specifying a charge that does not offend against the rule against duplicity, it has been said that "in practice almost anything a person does with stolen goods may be classified as a handling".

Section 27(3) of the Theft Act 1968 introduces a rare exception to the rule against admissibility of previous criminal conduct in the case of this offence. Evidence may be adduced (but only if handling is the only charge faced by the defendant) that the defendant (a) has been involved in similar conduct within the previous twelve months AND (b) has a previous conviction for handling within five years. This is to counter repeated defences of "innocent dealing" as may be put forward by dishonest pawnbrokers. If the defendant is facing other charges, evidence of previous bad character may be admissible under Section 98 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Northern Ireland

This offence is created by section 21(1) of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.

Republic of Ireland

The offence of handling stolen property is created by section 17(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001.

See also

• Fence (criminal)
• Sting operation

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 脳脊髄液リンパ球増加症（HaNDL）を伴う一過性の頭痛および神経障害の症候群 syndrome of transient headache and neurologic deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis handl
• 2. 片麻痺性片頭痛 hemiplegic migraine

English Journal

• High-throughput real-time electrochemical monitoring of LAMP for pathogenic bacteria detection.

• Safavieh M1, Ahmed MU2, Ng A3, Zourob M4.Author information 1Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Québec) J3X1S2, Canada.2Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (INRS-EMT), Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes (Québec) J3X1S2, Canada; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam.3Center of Biomedical Engineering, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.4Center of Biomedical Engineering, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.zourob@cranfield.ac.uk.AbstractOne of the significant challenges in healthcare is the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics require low-cost devices that offer portability, simplicity in operation and the ability for high-throughput and quantitative analysis. Here, we present a novel roll-to-roll ribbon fluid-handling device for electrochemical real-time monitoring of nucleic acid (NA) amplification and bacteria detection. The device rendered loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time electrochemical detection based on the interaction between LAMP amplicon and the redox-reactive osmium complex. We have shown the detection of 30CFU/ml of Escherichia coli (in the range between 30 and 3×10(7)CFU/ml) and 200CFU/ml of Staphylococcus aureus (in the range of 200-2×10(5)CFU/ml) cultured samples in both real-time and end point detection. This device can be used for the detection of various Gram-negative and a number of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity in a high-throughput format. Using a roll-to-roll cassette approach, we could detect 12 samples in one assay. Since the LAMP and electrochemical analysis are implemented within sealed flexible biochips, time-consuming processing steps are not required and the risk of contamination is significantly reduced.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Aug 15;58:101-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.002. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
• One of the significant challenges in healthcare is the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics require low-cost devices that offer portability, simplicity in operation and the ability for high-throughput and quantitative analysis. Here, we present a novel roll-to-roll ribbon
• PMID 24632135

• Integrated optical detection of autonomous capillary microfluidic immunoassays:a hand-held point-of-care prototype.

• Novo P1, Chu V1, Conde JP2.Author information 1INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal.2INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias, IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: joao.conde@tecnico.ulisboa.pt.AbstractThe miniaturization of biosensors using microfluidics has potential in enabling the development of point-of-care devices, with the added advantages of reduced time and cost of analysis with limits-of-detection comparable to those obtained through traditional laboratory techniques. Interfacing microfluidic devices with the external world can be difficult especially in aspects involving fluid handling and the need for simple sample insertion that avoids special equipment or trained personnel. In this work we present a point-of-care prototype system by integrating capillary microfluidics with a microfabricated photodiode array and electronic instrumentation into a hand-held unit. The capillary microfluidic device is capable of autonomous and sequential fluid flow, including control of the average fluid velocity at any given point of the analysis. To demonstrate the functionality of the prototype, a model chemiluminescence ELISA was performed. The performance of the integrated optical detection in the point-of-care prototype is equal to that obtained with traditional bench-top instrumentation. The photodiode signals were acquired, displayed and processed by a simple graphical user interface using a computer connected to the microcontroller through USB. The prototype performed integrated chemiluminescence ELISA detection in about 15 min with a limit-of-detection of ≈2 nM with an antibody-antigen affinity constant of ≈2×10(7) M(-1).
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Jul 15;57:284-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.009. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
• The miniaturization of biosensors using microfluidics has potential in enabling the development of point-of-care devices, with the added advantages of reduced time and cost of analysis with limits-of-detection comparable to those obtained through traditional laboratory techniques. Interfacing microf
• PMID 24607579

• Systems thinking applied to safety during manual handling tasks in the transport and storage industry.

• Goode N1, Salmon PM2, Lenné MG3, Hillard P4.Author information 1University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia; Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash Injury Research Institute, Building 70, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. Electronic address: ngoode@usc.edu.au.2University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia. Electronic address: psalmon@usc.edu.au.3Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash Injury Research Institute, Building 70, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. Electronic address: michael.lenne@monash.edu.4Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash Injury Research Institute, Building 70, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. Electronic address: peter.hillard@monash.edu.AbstractInjuries resulting from manual handling tasks represent an on-going problem for the transport and storage industry. This article describes an application of a systems theory-based approach, Rasmussen's (1997. Safety Science 27, 183), risk management framework, to the analysis of the factors influencing safety during manual handling activities in a freight handling organisation. Observations of manual handling activities, cognitive decision method interviews with workers (n=27) and interviews with managers (n=35) were used to gather information about three manual handling activities. Hierarchical task analysis and thematic analysis were used to identify potential risk factors and performance shaping factors across the levels of Rasmussen's framework. These different data sources were then integrated using Rasmussen's Accimap technique to provide an overall analysis of the factors influencing safety during manual handling activities in this context. The findings demonstrate how a systems theory-based approach can be applied to this domain, and suggest that policy-orientated, rather than worker-orientated, changes are required to prevent future manual handling injuries.
• Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2014 Jul;68:181-91. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.025. Epub 2013 Oct 5.
• Injuries resulting from manual handling tasks represent an on-going problem for the transport and storage industry. This article describes an application of a systems theory-based approach, Rasmussen's (1997. Safety Science 27, 183), risk management framework, to the analysis of the factors influenc
• PMID 24762830

• Validity and inter-observer reliability of subjective hand-arm vibration assessments.

• Coenen P1, Formanoy M2, Douwes M3, Bosch T4, de Kraker H5.Author information 1Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.coenen@vu.nl.2TNO Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Polarisavenue 151, 2132 JJ Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. Electronic address: margrietformanoy@gmail.com.3TNO Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Polarisavenue 151, 2132 JJ Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. Electronic address: marjolein.douwes@tno.nl.4TNO Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Polarisavenue 151, 2132 JJ Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. Electronic address: tim.bosch@tno.nl.5TNO Sustainable Productivity and Employability, Polarisavenue 151, 2132 JJ Hoofddorp, The Netherlands. Electronic address: heleen.dekraker@tno.nl.AbstractExposure to mechanical vibrations at work (e.g., due to handling powered tools) is a potential occupational risk as it may cause upper extremity complaints. However, reliable and valid assessment methods for vibration exposure at work are lacking. Measuring hand-arm vibration objectively is often difficult and expensive, while often used information provided by manufacturers lacks detail. Therefore, a subjective hand-arm vibration assessment method was tested on validity and inter-observer reliability. In an experimental protocol, sixteen tasks handling powered tools were executed by two workers. Hand-arm vibration was assessed subjectively by 16 observers according to the proposed subjective assessment method. As a gold standard reference, hand-arm vibration was measured objectively using a vibration measurement device. Weighted κ's were calculated to assess validity, intra-class-correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess inter-observer reliability. Inter-observer reliability of the subjective assessments depicting the agreement among observers can be expressed by an ICC of 0.708 (0.511-0.873). The validity of the subjective assessments as compared to the gold-standard reference can be expressed by a weighted κ of 0.535 (0.285-0.785). Besides, the percentage of exact agreement of the subjective assessment compared to the objective measurement was relatively low (i.e., 52% of all tasks). This study shows that subjectively assessed hand-arm vibrations are fairly reliable among observers and moderately valid. This assessment method is a first attempt to use subjective risk assessments of hand-arm vibration. Although, this assessment method can benefit from some future improvement, it can be of use in future studies and in field-based ergonomic assessments.
• Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2014 Jul;45(4):1257-62. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
• Exposure to mechanical vibrations at work (e.g., due to handling powered tools) is a potential occupational risk as it may cause upper extremity complaints. However, reliable and valid assessment methods for vibration exposure at work are lacking. Measuring hand-arm vibration objectively is often di
• PMID 24721008

Japanese Journal

• 国際的な遠隔医療カンファレンス運営のために必要な情報項目の標準化に向けた取り組み (JTTA 2015 SENDAI 第19回日本遠隔医療学会学術大会)

• 工藤 孔梨子,工藤 達郎,寅田 信博 [他]
• 日本遠隔医療学会雑誌 11(2), 118-121, 2015-10
• NAID 40020600718

• バイオマス焼却灰の簡便な固形化手法

• 熊谷 亜未,島 長義,佐藤 理夫
• 環境放射能除染学会誌 = Journal of the Society for Remediation of Radioactive Contamination in the Environment 3(3), 153-160, 2015-09
• NAID 40020601632

• 苦情処理等に関する地方自治体騒音振動担当者へのアンケート調査(その4)地方自治体間の連携や学会の活用を検討する

• 門屋 真希子,石橋 雅之,菊地 英男 [他]
• 公益社団法人日本騒音制御工学会秋季研究発表会講演論文集 = Proceedings of the autumn meeting, the Institute of Noise Control Engineering of Japan, 11-14, 2015-09
• NAID 40020591546

• 旋回流ノズルを用いた空調機組込型加湿装置の実負荷条件下における性能評価

• 一瀬 茂弘,田中 英紀,宇佐美 勇気 [他]
• 空気調和・衛生工学会論文集 (222), 41-48, 2015-09
• NAID 40020587998

Related Links

• handlingの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

handling 【名】 取り扱い、手で触れること 扱うこと、処理、対処、対応、ハンド... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• handlingの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

handlingとは。意味や和訳。[名][U]1 手で触れる[つかむ，操作する]こと.2 取り扱い，手法，処理，操縦；処遇hard handling of a child子供の虐待. [形]（輸送などの）取り扱いのa five-percent handling charge5分の手数料. - goo英和 ...

• Handling | Define Handling at Dictionary.com

Depending on how he was fixed at any given time, a third to a half of his cases he was handling for free for indigent clients. He pioneered in its sanitary handling by enforcing strict health guidelines on farmers. He talked about handling ...

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