transforming growth factor alpha

WordNet

1. cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
2. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
3. become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
4. become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
5. cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
6. increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
7. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
8. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
9. a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
10. something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
11. vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
12. be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
13. any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
14. an independent variable in statistics
15. anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
16. consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
17. resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
18. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
19. a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
20. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
21. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
22. first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star"
23. the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet
24. the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations
25. early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
2. 〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)
3. (…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
4. 〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
5. アルファ(ギリシア語アルファベットの第1字A,α;英語のA,aに相当) / アルファ星(星座の主星)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/13 13:58:54」(JST)

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Transforming growth factor, alpha
PDB rendering based on 1mox.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1GK5, 1MOX, 1YUF, 1YUG, 2TGF, 3E50, 3TGF, 4TGF
Identifiers
Symbols	TGFA ; TFGA
External IDs	OMIM: 190170 MGI: 98724 HomoloGene: 2431 GeneCards: TGFA Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • glycoprotein binding • MAP kinase kinase activity • epidermal growth factor receptor binding • protein binding • growth factor activity Cellular component • extracellular space • nucleus • plasma membrane • cell surface • integral component of membrane • basolateral plasma membrane • cytoplasmic vesicle • perinuclear region of cytoplasm Biological process • MAPK cascade • activation of MAPK activity • angiogenesis • epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway • cell proliferation • wound healing • response to drug • negative regulation of apoptotic process • positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity • positive regulation of mitosis • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation • positive regulation of cell division • mammary gland alveolus development Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7039	21802
Ensembl	ENSG00000163235	ENSMUSG00000029999
UniProt	P01135	P48030
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001099691	NM_031199
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001093161	NP_112476
Location (UCSC)	Chr 2: 70.67 – 70.78 Mb	Chr 6: 86.2 – 86.28 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.

TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate.

Synthesis

TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor. The precursor is composed of an extracellular domain containing a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, 50 amino acids of TGF-α, and a 35-residue-long cytoplasmic domain. In its smallest form TGF-α has six cysteines linked together via three disulfide bridges. Collectively all members of the EGF/TGF-α family share this structure. The protein, however, is not directly related to TGF-β. In the stomach, TGF-α is manufactured within the normal gastric mucosa. TGF-α has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion.

Limited success has resulted from attempts to synthesize of a reductant molecule to TGF-α that displays a similar biological profile.

Synthesis in the stomach

In the stomach, TGF-α is manufactured within the normal gastric mucosa. TGF-α has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion.

Function

TGF-α can be produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes. TGF-α induces epithelial development. Considering that TGF-α is a member of the EGF family, the biological actions of TGF-α and EGF are similar. For instance, TGF-α and EGF bind to the same receptor. When TGF-α binds to EGFR it can initiate multiple cell proliferation events. Cell proliferation events that involve TGF-α bound to EGFR include wound healing and embryogenesis. TGF-α is also involved in tumerogenesis and believed to promote angiogenesis.

TGFα has also been shown to stimulate neural cell proliferation in the adult injured brain.

TGF-α receptor

A 170-kDa glycosylated protein known as the EGF receptor binds to TGF-α allowing the polypeptide to function in various signaling pathways. The EGF receptor is characterized by having an extracellular domain that has numerous amino acid motifs. EGFR is characterized by having an extracellular domain made up of numerous amino acid motifs. EGFR is essential for a single transmembrane domain, an intracellular domain (containing tyrosine kinase activity), and ligand recognition. As a membrane anchored-growth factor, TGF-α can be cleaved from an integral membrane glycoprotein via a protease. Soluble forms of TGF-α resulting from the cleavage have the capacity to activate EGFR. EGFR can be activated from a membrane-anchored growth factor as well.

When TGF-α binds to EGFR it dimerizes triggering phosphorylation of a protein-tyrosine kinase. The activity of protein-tyrosine kinase causes an autophosphorylation to occur among several tyrosine residues within EGFR, influencing activation and signaling of other proteins that interact in many signal transduction pathways.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway upon binding to TGF-α.

Animal studies

In an animal model of Parkinson's disease where dopaminergic neurons have been damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine, infusion of TGF-α into the brain caused an increase in the number of neuronal precursor cells. However TGF-α treatment did not result in neurogenesis dopaminergic neurons.

Human studies

TGF-α and the neuroendocrine system

The EGF/TGF-α family has been shown to regulate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) through a glial-neuronal interactive process. Produced in hypothalamic astrocytes, TGF-α indirectly stimulates LHRH release through various intermediates. As a result, TGF-α is a physiological component essential to the initiation process of female puberty.

TGF-α and the suprachiasmatic nucleus

TGF-α has also been observed to be highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (5). This finding suggests a role for EGFR signaling in the regulation of CLOCK and circadian rhythms within the SCN. Similar studies have shown that when injected into the third ventricle TGF-α can suppress circadian locomotor behavior along with drinking or eating activities.

TGF-α and tumors

Its potential use as a prognostic biomarker in various tumors, like gastric carcinoma . or melanoma has been suggested.

Interactions

TGF alpha has been shown to interact with GORASP1 and GORASP2.

See also

• Transforming growth factor

References

Further reading

• Luetteke NC, Lee DC (1991). "Transforming growth factor alpha: expression, regulation and biological action of its integral membrane precursor". Semin. Cancer Biol. 1 (4): 265–75. PMID 2103501. 
• Greten FR, Wagner M, Weber CK, Zechner U, Adler G, Schmid RM (2002). "TGF alpha transgenic mice. A model of pancreatic cancer development". Pancreatology 1 (4): 363–8. doi:10.1159/000055835. PMID 12120215. 
• Vieira AR (2006). "Association between the transforming growth factor alpha gene and nonsyndromic oral clefts: a HuGE review". Am. J. Epidemiol. 163 (9): 790–810. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj103. PMID 16495466. 
• Nasim MM, Thomas DM, Alison MR, Filipe MI (1992). "Transforming growth factor alpha expression in normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric carcinoma--an immunohistochemical study". Histopathology 20 (4): 339–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1992.tb00991.x. PMID 1577411. 
• Thomas DM, Nasim MM, Gullick WJ, Alison MR (1992). "Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal adult gastrointestinal tract". Gut 33 (5): 628–31. doi:10.1136/gut.33.5.628. PMC 1379291. PMID 1612477. 
• Bean MF, Carr SA (1992). "Characterization of disulfide bond position in proteins and sequence analysis of cystine-bridged peptides by tandem mass spectrometry". Anal. Biochem. 201 (2): 216–26. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(92)90331-Z. PMID 1632509. 
• Lei ZM, Rao CV (1992). "Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and its ligands, EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha, in human fallopian tubes". Endocrinology 131 (2): 947–57. doi:10.1210/en.131.2.947. PMID 1639032. 
• Werner S, Roth WK, Bates B, Goldfarb M, Hofschneider PH (1991). "Fibroblast growth factor 5 proto-oncogene is expressed in normal human fibroblasts and induced by serum growth factors". Oncogene 6 (11): 2137–44. PMID 1658709. 
• Saeki T, Cristiano A, Lynch MJ, Brattain M, Kim N, Normanno N, Kenney N, Ciardiello F, Salomon DS (1992). "Regulation by estrogen through the 5'-flanking region of the transforming growth factor alpha gene". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (12): 1955–63. doi:10.1210/mend-5-12-1955. PMID 1791840. 
• Harvey TS, Wilkinson AJ, Tappin MJ, Cooke RM, Campbell ID (1991). "The solution structure of human transforming growth factor alpha". Eur. J. Biochem. 198 (3): 555–62. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16050.x. PMID 2050136. 
• Kline TP, Brown FK, Brown SC, Jeffs PW, Kopple KD, Mueller L (1991). "Solution structures of human transforming growth factor alpha derived from 1H NMR data". Biochemistry 29 (34): 7805–13. doi:10.1021/bi00486a005. PMID 2261437. 
• Jakowlew SB, Kondaiah P, Dillard PJ, Sporn MB, Roberts AB (1989). "A novel low molecular weight ribonucleic acid (RNA) related to transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA". Mol. Endocrinol. 2 (11): 1056–63. doi:10.1210/mend-2-11-1056. PMID 2464748. 
• Jakobovits EB, Schlokat U, Vannice JL, Derynck R, Levinson AD (1989). "The human transforming growth factor alpha promoter directs transcription initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence". Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (12): 5549–54. PMC 365660. PMID 2907605. 
• Tricoli JV, Nakai H, Byers MG, Rall LB, Bell GI, Shows TB (1986). "The gene for human transforming growth factor alpha is on the short arm of chromosome 2". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 42 (1–2): 94–8. doi:10.1159/000132258. PMID 3459638. 
• Lee DC, Rose TM, Webb NR, Todaro GJ (1985). "Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-alpha". Nature 313 (6002): 489–91. doi:10.1038/313489a0. PMID 3855503. 
• Derynck R, Roberts AB, Winkler ME, Chen EY, Goeddel DV (1984). "Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. coli". Cell 38 (1): 287–97. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90550-6. PMID 6088071. 
• Ogbureke KU, MacDaniel RK, Jacob RS, Durban EM (1995). "Distribution of immunoreactive transforming growth factor-alpha in non-neoplastic human salivary glands". Histol. Histopathol. 10 (3): 691–6. PMID 7579819. 
• Walz TM, Malm C, Nishikawa BK, Wasteson A (1995). "Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) in human bone marrow: demonstration of TGF-alpha in erythroblasts and eosinophilic precursor cells and of epidermal growth factor receptors in blastlike cells of myelomonocytic origin". Blood 85 (9): 2385–92. PMID 7727772. 
• Patel B, Hiscott P, Charteris D, Mather J, McLeod D, Boulton M (1994). "Retinal and preretinal localisation of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy". The British journal of ophthalmology 78 (9): 714–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.78.9.714. PMC 504912. PMID 7947554. 

External links

• Transforming Growth Factor alpha at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Contributions of p38 and ERK to the antinociceptive effects of TGF-β1 in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic rats.

• Chen NF1,2,3, Chen WF1,4, Sung CS5,6, Lu CH2, Chen CL2, Hung HC1,7, Feng CW1,7, Chen CH1,7, Tsui KH8,9,10, Kuo HM11, Wang HM12,13,14, Wen ZH15,16,17, Huang SY18,19.
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• European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2016 Sep 5;786:128-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 3.
• Previous studies showed that cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor is expressed in multiple effector cells during skin wound healing. Meanwhile, its functional involvement in inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation in other organs and skin diseases implied CB2 receptor might also regulate skin wound h
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Japanese Journal

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「トランスフォーミング増殖因子α」「形質転換増殖因子α」「トランスフォーミング成長因子α」「TGFalpha」「TGF-alpha」
関連記事	「grow」「fact」「factor」「transforming」「alpha」

「トランスフォーミング増殖因子α」

　　[★]

英

transforming growth factor alpha、TGF-alpha、TGFalpha

関

トランスフォーミング成長因子α、形質転換増殖因子α

「形質転換増殖因子α」

　　[★]

英

transforming growth factor alpha

関

トランスフォーミング増殖因子α、トランスフォーミング成長因子α

「トランスフォーミング成長因子α」

　　[★]

英

transforming growth factor alpha

関

トランスフォーミング増殖因子α、形質転換増殖因子α

「TGFalpha」

　　[★]

• トランスフォーミング増殖因子α

関

TGF-alpha、transforming growth factor alpha

「TGF-alpha」

　　[★]

• トランスフォーミング増殖因子α

関

TGFalpha、transforming growth factor alpha

「grow」

　　[★]

• v.

(過去: grew-過去分詞: grown)

• 成長する、生育する、伸びる

関

extend、growth、outgrow、outgrowth、stretch

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「fact」

　　[★]

• n.

• 事実、現状、実際、実態

関

actual、actually、in fact、in practice、indeed、practically

　 　 　 　 　

「factor」

　　[★]

• n.

• 因子、要因、要素、ファクター

関

element、elementary、factorial、parameter

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「transforming」

　　[★]

• 形質転換、トランスフォーミング

関

transform、transformation、transgenic

「alpha」

　　[★]

α、アルファ

関

alfa