関: account、deal、traffic

WordNet

take action with respect to (someone or something); "How are we going to deal with this problem?"; "The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students"
a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
a particular instance of buying or selling; "it was a package deal"; "I had no further trade with him"; "hes a master of the business deal" (同)trade, business deal
the act of apportioning or distributing something; "the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions"
the act of distributing playing cards; "the deal was passed around the table clockwise"
the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement); "he got a good deal on his car"
do business; offer for sale as for ones livelihood; "She deals in gold"; "The brothers sell shoes" (同)sell, trade
behave in a certain way towards others; "He deals fairly with his employees"
distribute cards to the players in a game; "Whos dealing?"
give (a specific card) to a player; "He dealt me the Queen of Spades"
sell; "deal hashish"
the quality of taking advantage; "she turned her writing skills to good account"
a statement of recent transactions and the resulting balance; "they send me an accounting every month" (同)accounting, account statement
a formal contractual relationship established to provide for regular banking or brokerage or business services; "he asked to see the executive who handled his account" (同)business relationship
be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something; "Passing grades account for half of the grades given in this exam"
importance or value; "a person of considerable account"; "he predicted that although it is of small account now it will rapidly increase in importance"
furnish a justifying analysis or explanation; "I cant account for the missing money" (同)answer for
keep an account of (同)calculate
trade or deal a commodity; "They trafficked with us for gold"
buying and selling; especially illicit trade
the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time
the amount of activity over a communication system during a given period of time; "heavy traffic overloaded the trunk lines"; "traffic on the internet is lightest during the night"
deal illegally; "traffic drugs"
not performing or scheduled for duties; "Hes off every Tuesday"
at a distance in space or time; "the boat was 5 miles off (or away)"; "the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)"; "away back in the 18th century" (同)away
(of events) no longer planned or scheduled; "the wedding is definitely off" (同)cancelled
in an unpalatable state; "sour milk" (同)sour, turned
below a satisfactory level; "an off year for tennis"; "his performance was off"
no longer on or in contact or attached; "clean off the dirt"; "he shaved off his mustache"
not in operation or operational; "the oven is off"; "the lights are off"
be traded at a certain price or under certain conditions; "The stock traded around $20 a share"
the skilled practice of a practical occupation; "he learned his trade as an apprentice" (同)craft
the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers; "even before noon there was a considerable patronage" (同)patronage
the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services; "Venice was an important center of trade with the East"; "they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade"
engage in the trade of; "he is merchandising telephone sets" (同)merchandise
exchange or give (something) in exchange for (同)swap, swop, switch
turn in as payment or part payment for a purchase; "trade in an old car for a new one" (同)trade_in
the near or foreseeable future; "there was a wedding in the offing"
the part of the sea that can be seen from the shore and is beyond the anchoring area; "there was a ship in the offing"
traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s

PrepTutorEJDIC

…'を'『分配する』,分ける / 《『deal』+『名』+『名』=『deal』+『名』+『at』(『to』)+『名』》〈打撃・仕打ちなど〉'を'…‘に'『加える』 / 〈U〉取引き / 〈C〉(取引きなどの)妥協,協定 / 〈C〉カードゲームの札の配分 / 《D-》政策(policy) / 《a~》《話》取扱い,待遇
モミ材,松材
〈C〉『計算』,勘定 / 〈C〉『計算書』,勘定書;簿記 / 〈C〉(商売の)取引;(銀行の)口座 / 〈C〉『説明』,報告;記事 / 《文》〈U〉価値(value),重要性(importance) / 〈U〉根拠;理由 / 《『account』+『名』〈目〉+『形』(『名』,『過分』)〈補〉》(…と)…'を'考える,みなす(consider)
(車・船・人などの)『往来,交通』,通行;(鉄道・船などによる)輸送,運輸 / 《集合的に》交通量,輸送量 / 売買,商売(trade),(特に不正な)取り引き / 運輸業,[旅客]輸送業 / (特に不正に)(…と…の)取り引きをする《+in+名+with+名》
《分離》(接触しているところ)『から』,から離れて,からはずれて / 《位置》…『から離れたところで』(『に』) / (本来の状態など)からはずれて,…が狂って,がなくなって / (本道など)からそれて,から横道にはいったところに / 《eat, dineなどと共に》…からとって[食べる] / 《『from off』の形で》《話》…から / (ある値段)から割り引いて / 《話》…をやめて,慎んで《+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (仕事義務など)から離れて,を休んで / (人)をたよって,にやっかいになって / (1)《運動・移動を表す動詞と共に》『離れて』,向こうへ / 《状態の動詞と共に》『離れて』 / 《瞬間の動作を表す動詞と共に》『離して』 / 『去って』,出かけて / (電気・ガス・水道などが)『切れて』 / (本来の位置・状態などから)『はずれて』 / (仕事・勤務などを)『旧んで』 / (時間的・空間的に)『離れて』 / 《動作の完了》『すっかり』,完全に / 割り引いて / (中心・的などから)『それた』,『離れた』,はずれた / 『時期はずれの』,(時期などが)いつもほどよくない,シーズン外の / (状態が)水準以下の,いつも調子(状態)でない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(予定・用意されたことが)取りやめになって / 《補語にのみ用いて》(電気器具などが)電源が切れて;(ガス・水道が)切れて,止まって / (人が)…の暮らしぶりで / 勤務のない,休みの / 取れて,ぬげて,はずれて / (馬・車の1対のうち)右側の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(走者が)すでに走り出して / 《おもに英》《補語にのみ用いて》(食物などが)いたんで食べられない;飲めない / 《英》《補語にのみ用いて》(食堂などでメニューには載っているが料理が)もう品切れで / 《英》《補語にのみ用いて》(人の態度が)誠意のない,不親切な,ひどい / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《the ~》(クリケットで)打者の右前方の
〈U〉『商業』,商売 / 〈C〉交換 / 〈C〉〈U〉『職業』 / 〈U〉《the trade》《集合的に》堂業者 / 〈U〉《the trade》…業[界] / 〈U〉《形容詞[句]を伴って》売り上げ高;《集合的に》顧客,得意先 / 《the trades》《話》=trade wind / (…を)『売買する,商う』《+in+名》 / 交換する / (…と)商売を営む,貿易をする《+with+名》 / (人と)〈物〉‘を'『交換する』《+名〈物〉+with+名〈人〉》;(物と)〈物〉‘を'交換する《+名〈物〉+for+名〈物〉》
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
(陸から見える)沖,沖合い
トラッド(1920年代にニューオリンズに発生したジャズの一形式)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/18 22:48:06」(JST)

wiki en

The design for the Apollo Lunar Module involved a tradeoff in the number of landing legs. Three legs reduced the weight of the vehicle but was considered unsafe. Five legs was considered safest but were too heavy. Designers compromised on four landing legs.

A trade-off (or tradeoff) is a situation that involves losing one quality or aspect of something in return for gaining another quality or aspect. More colloquially, if one thing increases, some other thing must decrease. Tradeoffs can occur for many reasons, including simple physics (into a given amount of space, you can fit many small objects or fewer large objects). The idea of a tradeoff often implies a decision to be made with full comprehension of both the upside and downside of a particular choice, such as when a person decides whether to invest in stocks (more risky but with a greater potential return) versus bonds (generally safer, but lower potential returns).

The term is also used widely in an evolutionary context, in which case natural selection and sexual selection act as the ultimate "decision-makers".^[1] In biology, the concepts of tradeoffs and constraints are often closely related.^[2] In economics, a trade-off is commonly expressed as opportunity cost which is the preferred alternative when taking an economic decision.^[3]

Examples from common life

The concept of a tradeoff is often used to describe situations in everyday life.^[4]^[5] The old saying "do not put all of your eggs into one basket" implies a tradeoff with respect to spreading risk, as when buys a mutual fund composed of many stocks rather than only one or a few stocks. Similarly, trash cans can be small or large. A large trash can does not need to be put out for pickup so often, but it may become so heavy when full that one risks injury when trying to move it.

In cold climates, mittens serve well to keep the hands warm, but they do not allow the hands to function as well as do gloves. In a like fashion, warm coats are often bulky and hence difficult to store or even to hang up.

When copying music from compact disks to a computer, lossy compression formats, such as MP3, are used routinely to save harddisk space, but information is thrown away to the detriment of sound quality. Lossless compression schemes, such as FLAC or ALAC are a compromise solution.

Large cars can carry many people, but they also tend to be heavy (and often not very aerodynamic) and hence have relatively poor fuel economy.

In the Olympics, the best sprinters are not the same individuals as the best marathoners, a tradeoff based on various morphological, physiological (e.g., variation in muscle fiber type), and possibly motivational factors.

Tradeoffs in economics

In economics the term is expressed as opportunity cost, referring to the most preferred alternative given up. A tradeoff, then, involves a sacrifice that must be made to obtain a certain product, service or experience, rather than others that could be made or obtained using the same required resources. For a person going to a basketball game, their opportunity cost is the money and time expended, as compared with the alternative of watching a particular television program at home.

Many factors affect the tradeoff environment within a particular country, including availability of raw materials, a skilled labor force, machinery for producing a product, technology and capital, market rate to produce that product on reasonable time scale, and so forth.

Tradeoffs in other specific fields

In biology and microbiology, tradeoffs occur when a beneficial change in one trait is linked to a detrimental change in another trait.^[6]

Tradeoffs are important in engineering. For example, in electrical engineering, negative feedback is used in amplifiers to trade gain for other desirable properties, such as improved bandwidth, stability of the gain and/or bias point, noise immunity, and reduction of nonlinear distortion. The Golden Gate Bridge is a prime rare example where few engineering and aesthetic tradeoffs had to be made^{[citation needed]}.

In demography, tradeoff examples may include maturity, fecundity, parental care, parity, senescence, and mate choice. For example, the higher the fecundity (# of offspring), the lower the parental care. Parental care as a function of fecundity would show a negative sloped linear graph.

In computer science, tradeoffs are viewed as a tool of the trade. A program can often run faster if it uses more memory (a space-time tradeoff). Consider the following examples:

By compressing an image, you can reduce transmission time/costs at the expense of CPU time to perform the compression and decompression. Depending on the compression method, this may also involve the tradeoff of a loss in image quality.
By using a lookup table, you may be able to reduce CPU time at the expense of space to hold the table, e.g. to determine the parity of a byte you can either look at each bit individually (using shifts and masks), or use a 256-entry table giving the parity for each possible bit-pattern, or combine the upper and lower nibbles and use a 16-entry table.
For some situations (e.g. string manipulation), a compiler may be able to use inline code for greater speed, or call run-time routines for reduced memory; the user of the compiler should be able to indicate whether speed or space is more important.

The Software Engineering Institute have a specific method for analysing tradeoffs, called the Architectural Tradeoff Analysis Method or ATAM.

Strategy board games often involve tradeoffs: for example, in chess you might trade a pawn for an improved position; in Go, you might trade thickness for influence.

Ethics often involves competing interests that must be traded off against each other, such as the interests of different people, or different principles (e.g. is it ethical to use information resulting from Nazi human experiments to prevent disease today?)

In medicine, patients and physicians are often faced with difficult decisions involving tradeoff. One example is localized prostate cancer where patients need to weigh the possibility of a prolonged life expectancy against possible stressful treatment side-effects (patient trade-off).

Governmental tradeoffs are among the most controversial political and social difficulties of any time. All of politics can be viewed as a series of tradeoffs based upon which core values are most core to the most people or politicians. Political campaigns also involve tradeoffs, as when attack ads may energize the political base but alienate undecided voters.

With work schedules, employees will often use a tradeoff of "9/80" where an 80-hour work period is compressed from a traditional 10 working days to 9 to facilitate an "off-friday".

Analytical methods to support a trade study

Trade studies are essentially decision-making exercises. In the FAA Systems Handbook.^[7] the decision analysis matrix (aka Pugh's method) is suggested to support the activities, but this method can not support uncertainty, a mix of quantitative and qualitative information, or teams. To manage uncertainty, the authors suggest supplementing point estimates of the outcome variables for each alternative with computed or estimated uncertainty ranges. The Standard Approach to Trade Studies,^[8] an INCOSE paper from 2004, suggests a similar approach.

In the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook^[9] NASA suggests using multi-attribute utility theoretic (MAUT) or the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). But, these too are not good with uncertainty, mixed information and teams. The authors suggest using probability based methods to maximize utility when uncertainty predominates, but give little detail on how to approach this.

In many situations, linear programming methods like the simplex algorithm can be used but these too do not support uncertainty. Another approach to supporting trade studies with uncertain information is to use the Bayesian methods.^[10]

References

^ Garland, T., Jr. 2014. Quick guide: Tradeoffs. Current Biology 24:R60-R61.
^ Tradeoffs and Constraints
^ Tradeoffs and Constraints
^ http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/headshrinkers-guide-the-galaxy/201109/life-is-series-trade-offs
^ http://sophistpundit.blogspot.com/2009/10/all-of-life-is-trade-offs.html
^ Keen, E. C. (2014). "Tradeoffs in bacteriophage life histories". Bacteriophage 4 (1): e28365. doi:10.4161/bact.28365. PMC 3942329. PMID 24616839. edit
^ "National Airspace System: Engineering Manual Version 3.1, Section 4.6, Trade Studies". Federal Aviation Administration. 2006.
^ Felix A. (2004). "Standard Approach to Trade Studies: A Process Improvement Model that Enables Systems Engineers to Provide Information to the Project Manager by Going Beyond the Summary Matrix" (PDF). INCOSE.
^ "NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, Section 6.8.2.2 Trade Studies" (PDF). NASA. 2007.
^ Ullman D. G., B. P. Spiegel (2006). "Trade Studies with Uncertain Information" (PDF). Sixteenth Annual International Symposium of the International Council On Systems Engineering (INCOSE).

Trade-Offs and the Bullwhip Effect A trade-off refers to any situation that entails losing an aspect or quality of an item in return for achieving another aspect. In the corporate context, the term is majorly used in cases where there is the need to get rid of some things in return for other better things (Khayum, 2003). There are a number of trade-offs that impact the operations of business organizations. Inventory Transportation Costs Inventory transportation costs refer to the costs of delivering unsold products from the producer to the business premises. This trade off would imply that the cost of transporting the products is reduced for the purpose of achieving other operations (Keeney, & Raiffa, 2003). The impact of this trade off would be the reduction in price of the inventories soon they are sold out in the market. It is prudent that the costs of transporting inventories from the producers to the business premises and later to the market are reflected on the final cost of sale of the products. Thus a reduction in this cost would have the implication of reducing their selling price. Cost-customer Service In some cases, organizations have opted to reduce almost all costs associated with the preparation of goods and services. For instance, the reduction of the cost of customer service has been a major step that some of the organizations are making. This trade-off has the impacts of limiting the kind of customer services that the organizations give to their clients. Such a case would eventually lead to poor public relations, thus, lacking proper communication methods between the organizations and the clients (Khayum, 2003). Admittedly, the reduction of the cost of customer service has the implication of poor quality services. Lead Time Transport Costs Lead time transport costs refer to the cost of transportation of goods within the period that elapses since they are produced till they are sold to the market. Efforts to get rid of this cost would have an impact on the immediate cost of transporting the products (Keeney, & Raiffa, 2003). The implication of this step would be that firms will have to take the risk of transporting the goods at a faster rate in order to reduce the time taken. Eventually, the costs incurred in these efforts will be reflected in the final cost of selling the products out in the market.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. オフポンプ低浸襲直接的冠動脈バイパス手術：転帰 off pump and minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass graft surgery outcomes
2. 乳癌のスクリーニング：戦略および推奨 screening for breast cancer strategies and recommendations
3. ダウン症の母体血清スクリーニングに関する臨床検査の問題 laboratory issues related to maternal serum screening for down syndrome
4. 被包された膵液貯留 walled off pancreatic fluid collections including pseudocysts
5. 被包された膵液貯留の内視鏡によるマネージメント：手技 endoscopic management of walled off pancreatic fluid collections techniques

English Journal

Graphical analysis of evolutionary trade-off in sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission modes.

Kribs-Zaleta CM.
Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2014 Jul 21;353:34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Mar 13.
The notion of evolutionary trade-off (one attribute increasing at the expense of another) is central to the evolution of traits, well-studied especially in life-history theory, where a framework first developed by Levins illustrates how internal (genetics) and external (fitness landscapes) forces in
PMID 24632446

Optimized rod length of polyplex micelles for maximizing transfection efficiency and their performance in systemic gene therapy against stroma-rich pancreatic tumors.

Dirisala A1, Osada K2, Chen Q3, Tockary TA3, Machitani K3, Osawa S3, Liu X4, Ishii T1, Miyata K4, Oba M5, Uchida S4, Itaka K4, Kataoka K6.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jul;35(20):5359-68. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.037. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modification onto a gene delivery carrier for systemic application results in a trade-off between prolonged blood circulation and promoted transfection because high PEG shielding is advantageous in prolonging blood retention, while it is disadvantageous with regard to obt
PMID 24720877

Adaptive evolution of defense ability leads to diversification of prey species.

Zu J1, Wang J, Du J.
Acta biotheoretica.Acta Biotheor.2014 Jun;62(2):207-34. doi: 10.1007/s10441-014-9218-8. Epub 2014 Apr 26.
In this paper, by using the adaptive dynamics approach, we investigate how the adaptive evolution of defense ability promotes the diversity of prey species in an initial one-prey-two-predator community. We assume that the prey species can evolve to a safer strategy such that it can reduce the predat
PMID 24770878

Japanese Journal

JavaScript実行環境におけるC言語プログラムの実行基盤

松村哲郎,井出真広,倉光君郎
情報処理学会論文誌. プログラミング 7(1), 30, 2014-01-22
現在一般的に使われている構文解析手法では,解析時間を線形時間に保つため,バックトラックを行わない.しかし,バックトラックを行わない解析手法では,先読みできる記号数が限られ,解析できる文法に制限ができてしまう.バックトラックを行い,parsing expression grammarで表現できる広範囲な構文規則を解析する手法としてpackrat parsingという手法がある.この手法では,解析対象 …
NAID 110009658973

アブストラクト干渉モデルによる大規模ITS無線システムシミュレーションの高速化

金田茂,前野誉,高井峰生,山口弘純,東野輝夫
情報処理学会論文誌 55(1), 354-365, 2014-01-15
ITS無線システムのシミュレーションは1つのフレームの送信が周辺のすべてのノードでの受信処理につながるため電波伝搬に関する計算量は膨大であり高速化が求められる.その一方で,モデルの抽象化による高速化はシミュレーション結果に影響を与えるため,精度と速度とのトレードオフを考慮する必要がある.本論文では,大規模なITS無線システムシミュレーションを想定し,シミュレーションを高速化するパスロスおよびフェー …
NAID 110009658411

業務の引継ぎを容易にするスケジューラ連動型組織知識継承基盤

斉藤典明,金井敦
情報処理学会論文誌 55(1), 127-142, 2014-01-15
組織のメンバが替わっても組織活動を維持発展させるには「組織の知識」を継承してゆく必要がある.しかしながら,「組織の知識」の継承において資料は引き継げるものの十分に活用できないという問題がある.そこで,組織知識継承の問題をより踏み込んで解決するために,知識継承の具体的なシーンである「業務の引継ぎ」に着目して検討を行った.研究組織における「業務の引継ぎ」の実体を調査し,調査結果に基づき共有フォルダとス …
NAID 110009658390