トロンボモジュリン、CD141
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/07/09 14:40:11」(JST)
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Thrombomodulin |
PDB rendering based on 1adx. |
Available structures |
PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
List of PDB id codes |
1ADX, 1DQB, 1DX5, 1EGT, 1FGD, 1FGE, 1HLT, 1TMR, 1ZAQ, 2ADX, 3GIS
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Identifiers |
Symbols |
THBD; AHUS6; BDCA3; CD141; THPH12; THRM; TM |
External IDs |
OMIM: 188040 MGI: 98736 HomoloGene: 308 GeneCards: THBD Gene |
Gene Ontology |
Molecular function |
• receptor activity
• transmembrane signaling receptor activity
• calcium ion binding
• protein binding
• carbohydrate binding
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Cellular component |
• plasma membrane
• integral to plasma membrane
• cell surface
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Biological process |
• female pregnancy
• blood coagulation
• embryo development
• negative regulation of platelet activation
• negative regulation of blood coagulation
• leukocyte migration
• negative regulation of fibrinolysis
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Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data |
Orthologs |
Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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Entrez |
7056 |
21824 |
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Ensembl |
ENSG00000178726 |
ENSMUSG00000074743 |
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UniProt |
P07204 |
P15306 |
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RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000361 |
NM_009378 |
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RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000352 |
NP_033404 |
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Location (UCSC) |
Chr 20:
23.03 – 23.03 Mb |
Chr 2:
148.4 – 148.41 Mb |
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PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme.[1] Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell,[2] monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.
Contents
- 1 Characterization
- 2 Function
- 3 Interactions
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
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Characterization[edit]
In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the THBD gene.[3] The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with 5 distinct domains.
Function[edit]
Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI,aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.
Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulates C3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).
The antigen described as BDCA-3[4] has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin.[5] Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of human dendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown.
Interactions[edit]
Thrombomodulin has been shown to interact with thrombin.[6][7]
References[edit]
- ^ IPR001491 Thrombomodulin Accessed January 19, 2012.
- ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8943899
- ^ Wen DZ, Dittman WA, Ye RD, Deaven LL, Majerus PW, Sadler JE (July 1987). "Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene". Biochemistry 26 (14): 4350–7. doi:10.1021/bi00388a025. PMID 2822087.
- ^ Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, Cremer S, Zysk M, Miltenyi S, Buck DW, Schmitz J (December 2000). "BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood". J. Immunol. 165 (11): 6037–46. PMID 11086035.
- ^ Dzionek A, Inagaki Y, Okawa K, Nagafune J, Röck J, Sohma Y, Winkels G, Zysk M, Yamaguchi Y, Schmitz J (December 2002). "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: from specific surface markers to specific cellular functions". Hum. Immunol. 63 (12): 1133–48. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00752-8. PMID 12480257.
- ^ Bajzar, L; Morser J, Nesheim M (Jul. 1996). "TAFI, or plasma procarboxypeptidase B, couples the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades through the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 271 (28): 16603–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.28.16603. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8663147.
- ^ Jakubowski, H V; Owen W G (Jul. 1989). "Macromolecular specificity determinants on thrombin for fibrinogen and thrombomodulin". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 264 (19): 11117–21. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2544585.
Further reading[edit]
- Esmon CT (1995). "Thrombomodulin as a model of molecular mechanisms that modulate protease specificity and function at the vessel surface.". FASEB J. 9 (10): 946–55. PMID 7615164.
- Ohlin AK, Norlund L, Marlar RA (1997). "Thrombomodulin gene variations and thromboembolic disease.". Thromb. Haemost. 78 (1): 396–400. PMID 9198186.
- Van de Wouwer M, Collen D, Conway EM (2005). "Thrombomodulin-protein C-EPCR system: integrated to regulate coagulation and inflammation.". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (8): 1374–83. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000134298.25489.92. PMID 15178554.
- Boffa MC, Jackman RW, Peyri N, et al. (1992). "Thrombomodulin in the central nervous system.". Nouvelle revue française d'hématologie 33 (6): 423–9. PMID 1667949.
- Jakubowski HV, Owen WG (1989). "Macromolecular specificity determinants on thrombin for fibrinogen and thrombomodulin.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (19): 11117–21. PMID 2544585.
- Jackman RW, Beeler DL, Fritze L, et al. (1987). "Human thrombomodulin gene is intron depleted: nucleic acid sequences of the cDNA and gene predict protein structure and suggest sites of regulatory control.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (18): 6425–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.18.6425. PMC 299089. PMID 2819876.
- Suzuki K, Kusumoto H, Deyashiki Y, et al. (1987). "Structure and expression of human thrombomodulin, a thrombin receptor on endothelium acting as a cofactor for protein C activation.". EMBO J. 6 (7): 1891–7. PMC 553573. PMID 2820710.
- Wen DZ, Dittman WA, Ye RD, et al. (1987). "Human thrombomodulin: complete cDNA sequence and chromosome localization of the gene.". Biochemistry 26 (14): 4350–7. doi:10.1021/bi00388a025. PMID 2822087.
- Shirai T, Shiojiri S, Ito H, et al. (1988). "Gene structure of human thrombomodulin, a cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C.". J. Biochem. 103 (2): 281–5. PMID 2836377.
- Yonezawa S, Maruyama I, Tanaka S, et al. (1988). "Immunohistochemical localization of thrombomodulin in chorionic diseases of the uterus and choriocarcinoma of the stomach. A comparative study with the distribution of human chorionic gonadotropin.". Cancer 62 (3): 569–76. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19880801)62:3<569::AID-CNCR2820620322>3.0.CO;2-T. PMID 2839283.
- Ishii H, Majerus PW (1986). "Thrombomodulin is present in human plasma and urine.". J. Clin. Invest. 76 (6): 2178–81. doi:10.1172/JCI112225. PMC 424339. PMID 3001144.
- Adler M, Seto MH, Nitecki DE, et al. (1995). "The structure of a 19-residue fragment from the C-loop of the fourth epidermal growth factor-like domain of thrombomodulin.". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (40): 23366–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23366. PMID 7559494.
- Ohlin AK, Marlar RA (1995). "The first mutation identified in the thrombomodulin gene in a 45-year-old man presenting with thromboembolic disease.". Blood 85 (2): 330–6. PMID 7811989.
- Srinivasan J, Hu S, Hrabal R, et al. (1994). "Thrombin-bound structure of an EGF subdomain from human thrombomodulin determined by transferred nuclear Overhauser effects.". Biochemistry 33 (46): 13553–60. doi:10.1021/bi00250a007. PMID 7947766.
- Gerlitz B, Hassell T, Vlahos CJ, et al. (1993). "Identification of the predominant glycosaminoglycan-attachment site in soluble recombinant human thrombomodulin: potential regulation of functionality by glycosyltransferase competition for serine474.". Biochem. J. 295. ( Pt 1): 131–40. PMC 1134829. PMID 8216207.
- Yasuda K, Espinosa R, Davis EM, et al. (1993). "Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization of SSTR5 to human chromosome 20p11.2.". Genomics 17 (3): 785–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1410. PMID 8244401.
- Yamamoto S, Mizoguchi T, Tamaki T, et al. (1993). "Urinary thrombomodulin, its isolation and characterization.". J. Biochem. 113 (4): 433–40. PMID 8390446.
- Meininger DP, Hunter MJ, Komives EA (1996). "Synthesis, activity, and preliminary structure of the fourth EGF-like domain of thrombomodulin.". Protein Sci. 4 (9): 1683–95. doi:10.1002/pro.5560040904. PMC 2143218. PMID 8528067.
- Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC (1996). "Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p).". Mamm. Genome 7 (5): 400–1. doi:10.1007/s003359900120. PMID 8661740.
PDB gallery
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1adx: FIFTH EGF-LIKE DOMAIN OF THROMBOMODULIN (TMEGF5), NMR, 14 STRUCTURES
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1dqb: NMR STRUCTURE OF THROMBOMODULIN EGF(4-5)
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1dx5: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE THROMBIN-THROMBOMODULIN COMPLEX
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1zaq: FOURTH EGF-LIKE DOMAIN OF THROMBOMODULIN, NMR, 12 STRUCTURES
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2adx: FIFTH EGF-LIKE DOMAIN OF THROMBOMODULIN (TMEGF5), NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE STRUCTURE
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External links[edit]
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
- OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by olfactory ensheathing glia promotes axonal regeneration.
- Simon D, Martin-Bermejo MJ, Gallego-Hernandez MT, Pastrana E, Garcia-Escudero V, Garcia-Gomez A, Lim F, Diaz-Nido J, Avila J, Moreno-Flores MT.SourceCentro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Glia.Glia.2011 Oct;59(10):1458-71. doi: 10.1002/glia.21189. Epub 2011 May 27.
- Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are known to facilitate repair following axotomy of adult neurons, although the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We previously identified plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), and thrombomodul
- PMID 21626571
- Endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation are associated with greater arterial stiffness over a 6-year period.
- van Bussel BC, Schouten F, Henry RM, Schalkwijk CG, de Boer MR, Ferreira I, Smulders YM, Twisk JW, Stehouwer CD.SourceDepartment of Medicine, Prof Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands. cda.stehouwer@mumc.nl.
- Hypertension.Hypertension.2011 Oct;58(4):588-95. Epub 2011 Aug 22.
- Endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation are associated with cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffening plays an important role in cardiovascular disease and, thus, may be a mechanism through which endothelial dysfunction and/or low-grade inflammation lead to cardiovascular disease. We in
- PMID 21859964
Japanese Journal
- 急性骨髄性白血病寛解導入療法後に発症した溶血性尿毒症性症候群の1例
- 加藤 裕一,田嶋 克史,加藤 丈夫
- 山形大学紀要. 医学 : 山形医学 29(1), 29-31, 2011-02-15
- A 75-year-old male was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia without maturation and was treated with combination chemotherapy. After the first remission-induction therapy, he reached complete remissio …
- NAID 110008576606
- 創薬シリーズ(5)トランスレーショナルリサーチ(24)トランスレーショナルリサーチからみた遺伝子組換え型ヒトトロンボモジュリン製剤(リコモジュリン)開発
Related Links
- Thrombomodulin, CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the THBD gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- septic shock
- 同
- 敗血症ショック、感染性ショック、細菌性ショック、エキソトキシンショック(厳密には定義が違う?)
- 関
- ショック、敗血症
概念
- 微生物の感染によって起こる。グラム陰性菌(endotoxic shock)で起こるが、グラム陽性菌・真菌でも起こりうる。(BPT.102)
- 必ずしも全身性の菌血症は必須ではない。局所の生物の血管外感染にたいする宿主の炎症反応で十分おこりうる。(BPT.102)
- 敗血症ショックの70%がグラム陰性菌由来のエンドトキシンによる(endotoxic shock)
特徴
- warm shock:LPSによるショックでは末梢血管の血管透過性が亢進し、末梢血管抵抗が低下するが、体液が組織に移行して体が温かく感じられる。
- 血管末梢抵抗の低下により、代償的に高心拍出量状態となるり、ついには低心拍出量状態、多臓器不全となる。末期では体温は下がる。
病態生理 BPT.103
- 1. LPSが血中に放出される
- 2. 循環血液中のLPS-binding proteinと結合する
- 3. 2.の複合体は単球、マクロファージ、好中球上に発現しているCD14に結合する
- 4. CD14と共役しているTLR-4が細胞内にシグナルを伝達する。
- 5. TLR-4からのシグナルにより、IL-1, TNF等のサイトカインを放出
- 6. IL-1, TNFは血管内皮細胞に作用して抗凝固因子(TFPI、thrombomodulin)の産生を低下させる。 ← この作用は血管内皮上のTLR-4-CD14にLPSが結合することで増強される。
低用量のLPS
- 1. 単球、マクロファージ、好中球を活性化。補体系の直接の活性化。
- 2. LPSに反応してTNFを産生した単球性の食細胞はこんどはIL-1を産生する
- 3. 血管内皮はTNFとIL-1に反応してIL-6, IL-8を産生し、接着分子を発現する。
高用量のLPS
- 1. サイトカインにより産生されたエフェクター(NO、血小板活性化因子(PAF))が増加
- 2. 多量のTNFとIL-1によって発熱、急性相反応物(APR)の産生、好中球の増多
- 3. 血管内皮細胞は前凝固状態になる
高用量のLPSによってもたらされる帰結
- (1) 全身性の血管拡張(低血圧)
- (2) 心筋収縮力の減弱
- (3) びまん性の血管内皮障害と活性化、これにより白血球の血管内皮の接着が促進され、肺における肺胞のびまん性血管内皮損傷がおこる。
- (4) 凝固系の亢進がDICを引き起こす。
症状
- warm shock: 初期は発熱を伴う。発汗、呼吸促迫、頚静脈平坦、脈圧増大(高心拍出量状態を反映。低血圧の代償)、頻脈(発熱による)、心拍数増加、末梢血管抵抗低下、意識低下、尿量減少。
- cold shock: 末期には体温は低下する。
- 呼吸性アルカローシス:乳酸蓄積とサイトカイン増加で頻呼吸となるため(CBT QB vol2 p.554)
新生児
治療・管理
対症療法
- 初期におけるショックに対する治療 → 輸液負荷、昇圧薬、
- Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:296-327.
- Early goal-directed therapy(Grade 1B)
- 敗血症ショックにおける指標を定めた初期輸液療法
- 敗血症ショックの治療開始後6時間の輸液療法はクリスタロイドであれば1-2l/hrとし、5%アルブミン液であれば0.6-1l/hrとする。
- 以下の4項目を達成目標とする
- 輸液負荷により低血圧が持続する場合に適応となる(ICU.646)
- ドパミンは腹腔内臓器の血流を低下させ組織アシドーシスを促進する可能性があるが、ノルアドレナリンにはこれはない。
根治療法
- 感染巣の同定、起炎菌の同定(血液培養の感度は30-40%程度)と薬物感受性の検索
ステロイド治療
- 昇圧薬を必要とする全ての敗血症性ショック患者にステロイドが推奨されている (ICU.646)
[★]
- 英
- endothelium (Z)
- 関
- 血管
Table 10-1. Endothelial Cell Properties and Functions
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Maintenance of Permeability Barrier
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Elaboration of Anticoagulant, Antithrombotic, Fibrinolytic Regulators
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prostacyclin
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thrombomodulin
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heparin-like molecules
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plasminogen activator
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Elaboration of Prothrombotic Molecules
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Von Willebrand factor
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Tissue factor
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor
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Extracellular Matrix Production (Collagen, Proteoglycans)
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Modulation of Blood Flow and Vascular Reactivity
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Vasconstrictors: endothelin, ACE
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Vasodilators: NO, prostacyclin
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Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity
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IL-1, IL-6, chemokines
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Adhesion molecules: VCAM-1, ICAM, E-selectin P-selectin
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Histocompatibility antigens
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Regulation of Cell Growth
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Growth stimulators: PDGF, CSF, FGF
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Growth inhibitors: heparin, TGF-β
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Oxidation of LDL
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[★]
- 英
- thrombomodulin、TM
- 関
[★]
トロンボモデュリンアルファ