関: vessel wall

WordNet

an epithelium of mesoblastic origin; a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inside of some body cavities
of or relating to or located in the endothelium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/19 21:16:05」(JST)

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The endothelium is the thin layer of simple squamous cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels,^[1] forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. The cells that form the endothelium are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells, whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. These cells have unique functions in vascular biology. These functions include fluid filtration, such as in the glomeruli of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium.

Structure

Endothelium is mesodermal in origin. Both blood and lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells called a monolayer. In straight sections of a blood vessel, vascular endothelial cells typically align and elongate in the direction of fluid flow.^[2]^[3]

Terminology

The foundational model of anatomy makes a distinction between endothelial cells and epithelial cells on the basis of which tissues they develop from, and states that the presence of vimentin rather than keratin filaments separate these from epithelial cells.^[4] Many considered the endothelium a specialized epithelial tissue.^[5]

Function

Endothelial cells are involved in many aspects of vascular biology, including:

Barrier function - the endothelium acts as a semi-selective barrier between the vessel lumen and surrounding tissue, controlling the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. Excessive or prolonged increases in permeability of the endothelial monolayer, as in cases of chronic inflammation, may lead to tissue edema/swelling.
Blood clotting (thrombosis & fibrinolysis). The endothelium normally provides a non-thrombogenic surface because it contains, for example, heparan sulfate which acts as a cofactor for activating antithrombin, a protease that inactivates several factors in the coagulation cascade.
Inflammation
Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and hence the control of blood pressure
Repair of damaged or diseased organs via an injection of blood vessel cells^[6]
Angiopoietin-2 works with VEGF to facilitate cell proliferation and migration of endothelial cells

Clinical significance

Endothelial dysfunction, or the loss of proper endothelial function, is a hallmark for vascular diseases, and is often regarded as a key early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Impaired endothelial function, causing hypertension and thrombosis, is often seen in patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, as well as in smokers. Endothelial dysfunction has also been shown to be predictive of future adverse cardiovascular events, and is also present in inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. One of the main mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is the diminishing of nitric oxide, often due to high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, which interfere with the normal L-arginine-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis and so leads to hypertension. The most prevailing mechanism of endothelial dysfunction is an increase in reactive oxygen species, which can impair nitric oxide production and activity via several mechanisms.^[7] The signalling protein ERK5 is essential for maintaining normal endothelial cell function.^[8] A further consequence of damage to the endothelium is the release of pathological quantities of von Willebrand factor, which promote platelet aggregation and adhesion to the subendothelium, and thus the formation of potentially fatal thrombi.

Additional images

Endothelium lines the inner wall of vessels, shown here.

References

^ "Endothelium" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Eskin, S.G.; Ives, C.L.; McIntire, L.V.; Navarro, L.T. "Response of cultured endothelial cells to steady flow". Microvascular Research 28 (1): 87–94. doi:10.1016/0026-2862(84)90031-1.
^ Langille, B L; Adamson, S L (1981). "Relationship between blood flow direction and endothelial cell orientation at arterial branch sites in rabbits and mice". Circulation Research 48: 481–488. doi:10.1161/01.res.48.4.481.
^ "FMA". Retrieved 2013-09-28.
^ Kovacic, Jason; Mercader, Nadia; Torres, Miguel; Boehm, Manfred; Fuster, Valentin (2012). "Cardiovascular Development to Disease Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: From Cardiovascular Development to Disease". Circulation 125: 1795–1808. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.040352. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
^ [1]
^ Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferri C, Giannattasio C, Halcox J, Halligan S, Lerman A, Mancia G, Oliver JJ, Pessina AC, Rizzoni D, Rossi GP, Salvetti A, Schiffrin EL, Taddei S, Webb DJ (January 2005). "Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I: Methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds: a statement by the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension". J Hypertens 23 (1): 7–17. doi:10.1097/00004872-200501000-00004. PMID 15643116.
^ Roberts OL, Holmes K, Müller J, Cross DA, Cross MJ. (Dec 2009). "ERK5 and the regulation of endothelial cell function". Biochem Soc Trans. 37 (6): 1254–9. doi:10.1042/BST0371254. PMID 19909257.

External links

Anatomy photo: Circulatory/vessels/capillaries1/capillaries3 - Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis, "Capillaries, non-fenestrated (EM, Low)"
Histology image: 21402ooa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Endothelium Journal of Endothelial Cell Research, Informa Healthcare
Endothelium and inflammation
Platelet Activation, University of Washington

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 内皮：プライマー the endothelium a primer
2. 血管内皮機能および血栓溶解療法の基本的メカニズム vascular endothelial function and fundamental mechanisms of fibrinolysis thrombolysis
3. Hand-foot skin reaction induced by multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors
4. Patient evaluation and vascular mapping prior to placement of hemodialysis arteriovenous access
5. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management

English Journal

Vascular Response of Ruthenium Tetraamines in Aortic Ring from Normotensive Rats.

Conceição-Vertamatti AG1, Ramos LA1, Calandreli I2, Chiba AN2, Franco DW2, Tfouni E2, Grassi-Kassisse DM1.
Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.Arq Bras Cardiol.2015 09/12/2014;104(3):185-194. Epub 2014 Dec 9.
BACKGROUND: Ruthenium (Ru) tetraamines are being increasingly used as nitric oxide (NO) carriers. In this context, pharmacological studies have become highly relevant to better understand the mechanism of action involved.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vascular response of the tetraamines trans-[RuII(NH3
PMID 25494016

PECAM-1 isoforms, eNOS and endoglin axis in regulation of angiogenesis.

Park S1, Sorenson CM2, Sheibani N1.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Aug 1;129(3):217-34. doi: 10.1042/CS20140714.
Vascular development and maintenance of proper vascular function through various regulatory mechanisms are critical to our wellbeing. Delineation of the regulatory processes involved in development of the vascular system and its function is one of the most important topics in human physiology and pa
PMID 25976664

Angiopoietin-1 protects the endothelial cells against advanced glycation end product injury by strengthening cell junctions and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Zhao J1, Chen L, Shu B, Tang J, Zhang L, Xie J, Liu X, Xu Y, Qi S.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Aug;230(8):1895-905. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24920.
Endothelial dysfunction is a major characteristic of diabetic vasculopathy. Protection of the vascular endothelium is an essential aspect of preventing and treating diabetic vascular complications. Although Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is an important endothelial-specific protective factor, whether Ang-1
PMID 25546411

Japanese Journal

Autosomal-Dominant Corneal Endothelial Dystrophies CHED1 and PPCD1 Are Allelic Disorders Caused by Non-coding Mutations in the Promoter of OVOL2

2017-01-07
NAID 120005947454

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION : In vivo confocal microscopic observations of eyes diagnosed with posterior corneal vesicles

Japanese journal of ophthalmology : the official international journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 60(6), 425-432, 2016-11
NAID 40020996770

MARCKS is involved in methylmercury-induced decrease in cell viability and nitric oxide production in EA. hy926 cells

The journal of veterinary medical science 78(10), 1569-1576, 2016-10
NAID 40020996988

Related Pictures

Anti-Endothelium 抗体 [PAL-E] (ab8086) | アブカム Anti-Endothelium, macrophages and red blood cells 抗体 [OX-43] (ab243850) The Care And Feeding Of Your Endothelium - UpWellness.com Vascular Endothelium Improvement from RejuvaHeart™ Therapy - YouTube Fenestration and Endothelial Transport | Online Medical Library PPT - VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM & ITS FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT PowerPoint Presentation - ID:337984 Endothelium and vascular endothelium definition, function & dysfunction

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血管内皮」「endothelial」「endothelia」「endodermis」
拡張検索	「endothelium-derived relaxing factor」

「血管内皮」

Endothelium
	Diagram showing the location of endothelial cells
	Endothelial cells, which form the tunica intima, or innermost layer of the vessel, encircle an erythrocyte (E).
Identifiers
Code	TH H2.00.02.0.02003
	Anatomical terminology