- 関
- catagen、pause、resting stage、telogen
WordNet
- cease an action temporarily; "We pause for station identification"; "lets break for lunch" (同)intermit, break
- a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something (同)intermission, break, interruption, suspension
- temporary inactivity
- a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods" (同)geological period
- (ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
- the end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility"
- the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
- a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop" (同)point, full_stop, stop, full point
- having a frequency below or above the range of human audibility; "a silent dog whistle"
- marked by absence of sound; "a silent house"; "soundless footsteps on the grass"; "the night was still" (同)soundless, still
- implied by or inferred from actions or statements; "gave silent consent"; "a tacit agreement"; "the understood provisos of a custody agreement" (同)tacit, understood
- not made to sound; "the silent `h at the beginning of `honor"; "in French certain letters are often unsounded" (同)unsounded
- (Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done
- a beautiful and graceful girl
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『小休止』,中断,休息;(会話,読み書きの間に入れる)一息,一区切り / (音楽の)延音記号,フェルマータ / (一時的に)『ちょっと休止する』,立ち止まる;(…するのを)ちょっとやめる / (…の所で)停滞する,ちゅうちょする《+『of』(『upon』)+『名』》
- (あることが続く)『期間』 / (歴史的な)『時代』 / (試合の)『一区切り』,ピリオド / 授業時間,時限: / (循環して起こる現象などの)周期 / (回転運動などの)周期 / 紀(地質時代の区分の一つ;era(代)の下,epoch(世)の上) / 《おもに米》『ピリオド』,終止符(《英》full stop;Mr.,U.S.など略語の符号(.)も含む) / 《複数形で》《文》掉尾(とうび)文(多くの節から成り,論理的に緊密な構成をもっている文) / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》ある時代[特有]の,時代物の / (文の終わりに感嘆詞的に)以上,終わり・月経（期間）
- 『音がしない』,静かな / 『沈黙の』,口に出さない;音をたてない・無口の・《補語にのみ用いて》(…について)意見を述べていない,触れていない《+『about』(『on』)+『名』》 / 活動していない・(映画が)無声の・(文字が)発音されない・無声映画
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/21 02:14:17」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
The silent period, or preproduction, is a stage in second language acquisition where learners do not attempt to speak.[1][2][3] Silent periods are more common in children than in adult learners, as there is often more pressure on adult learners to speak during the early stages of acquisition. This can be due to communication demands such as a language being necessary at work,[2] or to mainstream language teaching methods insisting on production from the very start of instruction.[1]
Contents
- 1 In second language acquisition research
- 2 In language teaching
- 3 Notes
- 4 External links
In second language acquisition research
The silent period is often associated with Stephen Krashen's input hypothesis, and does not appear very frequently in the modern second language acquisition literature.[2] Krashen hypothesizes that learners are building up language competence during their silent periods through actively listening and processing the language they hear, and that they do not need to speak to improve in the language.[2] He says that silent periods of up to six months are not unusual.[1] According to VanPatten and Benati, although discussion of the silent period in modern second language acquisition research is rare, this is not necessarily any indication that the idea is wrong; rather they are of the opinion that it indicates how the priorities of the field have changed.[2]
In language teaching
The silent period has been put into practice in language teaching methods such as Total Physical Response, the natural approach, the delayed oral response approach, and the comprehension method. In Total Physical Response and the natural approach, the instructor is specifically recommended to wait for students' speech to emerge naturally, rather than forcing early output.[1]
Notes
- ^ a b c d Tomioka, Taeko. The Silent Period Hypothesis. Sanno Junior College Bulletin, 1989, 22:150-162
- ^ a b c d e VanPatten, Bill; Benati, Alessandro G. (2010). Key Terms in Second Language Acquisition. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-9914-1.
- ^ Haynes, Judie (2007). Getting Started With English Language Learners: How Educators Can Meet the Challenge. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4166-0519-5. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
External links
- Julio Foppoli's article "The Silent Period of Second Language Acquisition" at Eslbase.
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Second-language acquisition
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| General |
- Outline
- Common misconceptions
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| Learners |
- Multilingualism
- Heritage language
- Multi-competence
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| Learner language |
- Contrastive analysis
- Contrastive rhetoric
- Error (linguistics)
- Error analysis
- Error treatment
- Fossilization
- Interlanguage
- Silent period
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| Linguistic factors |
- Language transfer
- Linguistic universal
- Word lists by frequency
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| Individual variation |
- Language-learning aptitude
- Critical period hypothesis
- Motivation
- Willingness to communicate
- Foreign language anxiety
- Metalinguistic awareness
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| Strategies |
- Language learning strategies
- Communication strategies
- Code-switching
- Good language learner studies
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| SLA hypotheses |
- Skill-based theories
- Order of acquisition
- Input hypothesis
- Interaction hypothesis
- Comprehensible output
- Competition model
- Connectionism
- Noticing hypothesis
- Processability theory
- Interface hypothesis
- Interface position
- Generative second-language acquisition
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| In the classroom |
- Focus on form
- Input enhancement
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| Aptitude tests |
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Using voluntary motor commands to inhibit involuntary arm movements.
- Ghosh A1, Rothwell J2, Haggard P3.
- Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2014 Nov 7;281(1794). pii: 20141139. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1139.
- A hallmark of voluntary motor control is the ability to stop an ongoing movement. Is voluntary motor inhibition a general neural mechanism that can be focused on any movement, including involuntary movements, or is it mere termination of a positive voluntary motor command The involuntary arm lift,
- PMID 25253453
- Injection of WGA-Alexa 488 into the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm of acutely and chronically C2 hemisected rats reveals activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the respiratory motor pathways.
- Buttry JL1, Goshgarian HG2.
- Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2014 Nov;261:440-50. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.016. Epub 2014 Jul 30.
- WGA-Alexa 488 is a fluorescent neuronal tracer that demonstrates transsynaptic transport in the central nervous system. The transsynaptic transport occurs over physiologically active synaptic connections rather than less active or silent connections. Immediately following C2 spinal cord hemisection
- PMID 25086272
- Transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS), Inhibitionsprozesse und Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS).
- Hoegl T1, Bender S2, Buchmann J3, Kratz O1, Moll GH1, Heinrich H4.
- Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie.Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother.2014 Nov;42(6):415-29. doi: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000320.
- in
English, GermanDie Exzitabilität des motorischen Systems kann mittels der transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (TMS) untersucht werden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Überblick über methodische Weiterentwicklungen und Forschungsergebnisse im Bereich der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstö
Japanese Journal
- モバイルサービスにおけるクローキングとダミーに基づく位置情報プライバシー
- 三浦 健太,佐藤 文明
- 情報処理学会論文誌 55(2), 782-789, 2014-02-15
- 近年,高精度な位置検出デバイスの普及にともなって,様々なタイプの位置情報サービス(LBS)が提供されている.一方で,このような位置データは個人情報を含んでおり,位置のプライバシーを保護することはLBSにおける重大な問題の1つとなっている.位置情報のプライバシーを保護するための方法として,多くの提案がなされてきている.たとえば,サイレントピリオドに基づく手法,ダミーノードに基づく手法,そしてクローキ …
- NAID 110009664989
- 日露戦後における内務省地方局市町村課と地方行政機構 : 「自治省から移管された旧内務省文書」の分析から
- 中西 啓太
- 史學雜誌 122(10), 1699-1720, 2013-10-20
- … To the contrary, the author of the present article is of the opinion that by analyzing the relationship between the activities of related departments within the Home Ministry and the local administrative agencies on the ground during approximately twenty years of local administration prior to the period in question conducted on the basis of stable institutions, a new image of the Ministry may come to light. …
- NAID 110009675505
- 随意的持続収縮時における短潜時皮質内促通が運動誘発電位およびCortical silent periodに与える影響
- 菅原 和広,大西 秀明,宮口 翔太,小島 翔,桐本 光,高井 遥菜,高橋 英明,鈴木 誠,田巻 弘之
- 新潟医療福祉学会誌 13(1), 43-43, 2013-10
- NAID 120005404477
Related Links
- Silent Period(SP) 被験者に随意収縮をさせて大脳運動野刺激をしたときにMEPが生じた直後から筋活動電位が抑制される時間が生じます。これをSilent Periodといい、脊髄、皮質両方の抑制機構を調べるための検査法に ...
- The Silent Period Hypothesis Taeko Tomioka SANNO Junior College Abstract: Based on the observations of child language, quite a few Second Language teachers and methodologists hypothesize that in the initial phase of language ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 関
- abort、catagen、cessation、diapause、discontinuance、discontinuation、discontinue、dwelling、resting stage、silent period、stop、suspend、telogen、withdraw、withdrawal
[★]
- 関
- catagen、pause、silent period、telogen
[★]
- 無音の、沈黙の、(医療)無症状の、無症候性の、(遺伝;表現型として)無変化の、サイレントな
- 関
- asymptomatic、asymptomatically、silence、subclinical、symptomless
[★]
- 関
- ambient、around、circumferential、surrounding
[★]
- 関
- duration、phase、stage、term、time