WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
simple and healthful and close to nature; "an organic lifestyle"
a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter (同)organic fertilizer, organic fertiliser
being or relating to or derived from or having properties characteristic of living organisms; "organic life"; "organic growth"; "organic remains found in rock"
involving or affecting physiology or bodily organs; "an organic disease"
of or relating to foodstuff grown or raised without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides or hormones; "organic eggs"; "organic vegetables"; "organic chicken"
relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis; "hydrocarbons are organic compounds"
move something or somebody around; usually over long distances
an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes
move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in ones hands or on ones body; "You must carry your camping gear"; "carry the suitcases to the car"; "This train is carrying nuclear waste"; "These pipes carry waste water into the river" (同)carry
transport commercially (同)send, ship
wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard (同)pipe_organ
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; "The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department"
a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party"
street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
有機体の,生物の,生物から生じた / (動植物の)器官の / 有機肥料を用いる(を用いて育った)・有機的な,組織的な,系統的な・有機質の
(ある場所からある場所へ)…‘を'『輸送する』,運搬する《+名+from+名+to+名》 / 《文》《受動態で》(…で)…‘を'夢中にする,有頂天にする《+名+with+名》 / 〈罪人〉‘を'流刑にする / 〈U〉輸送,運送,輸送(交通)機関(transportation) / 〈C〉(軍隊や軍需品を運ぶ)輸送船,輸送機
『オルガン』,パイプオルガン(pipe organ),リードオルガン(reed organ),電子オルガン(electronic organ),手回しオルガン(barrel organ) / (動植物の)『器官』 / (政党・会社などの)機関誌,機関紙 / 《しばしば複数形で》(行動・実施などの)組織,機関
酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD

UpToDate Contents

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1. 先天性代謝異常：代謝性救急疾患 inborn errors of metabolism metabolic emergencies
2. 先天性代謝異常：分類 inborn errors of metabolism classification
3. 脂質およびプリン代謝障害による代謝性ミオパチー metabolic myopathies caused by disorders of lipid and purine metabolism
4. 乳児および小児における低血糖に対するアプローチ approach to hypoglycemia in infants and children
5. 先天性代謝異常：個々の障害の発見 inborn errors of metabolism identifying the specific disorder

English Journal

In Vitro Characterization of the Intestinal Absorption of Methylmercury using a Caco-2 Cell Model.

Vázquez M1, Vélez D, Devesa V.Author information 1Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC) , Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.AbstractMethylmercury (CH3Hg) is one of the forms of mercury found in food, particularly in seafood. Exposure to CH3Hg is associated with neurotoxic effects during development. In addition, methylmercury has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen. Although the diet is known to be the main source of exposure, few studies have characterized the mechanisms involved in the absorption of this contaminant. The present study examines the absorption process using the Caco-2 cell line as a model of the intestinal epithelium. The results indicate that transport across the intestinal cell monolayer in an absorptive direction occurs mainly through passive transcellular diffusion. This mechanism coexists with carrier-mediated transcellular transport, which has an active component. The participation of H(+)- and Na(+)-dependent transport was observed. Inhibition tests point to the possible participation of amino acid transporters (B(0,+) system, L system, and/or y(+)L system) and organic anion transporters (OATs). Our study suggests the participation in CH3Hg absorption of transporters that have already been identified as being responsible for the transport of this species in other systems, although further studies are needed to confirm their participation in intestinal absorption. It should be noted that CH3Hg experiences important cellular acumulation (48-78%). Considering the toxic nature of this contaminant, this fact could affect intestinal epithelium function.
Chemical research in toxicology.Chem Res Toxicol.2014 Feb 17;27(2):254-64. doi: 10.1021/tx4003758. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
Methylmercury (CH3Hg) is one of the forms of mercury found in food, particularly in seafood. Exposure to CH3Hg is associated with neurotoxic effects during development. In addition, methylmercury has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen. A
PMID 24397474

Fermentation and proteome profiles of Lactobacillus plantarum strains during growth under food-like conditions.

Siragusa S1, De Angelis M2, Calasso M1, Campanella D1, Minervini F1, Di Cagno R1, Gobbetti M1.Author information 1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, Via G. Amendola 165/a, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.2Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, Via G. Amendola 165/a, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy. Electronic address: maria.deangelis@uniba.it.AbstractThis study aimed at investigating the proteomic adaptation of Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Cultivation of L. plantarum strains under food-like conditions (wheat flour hydrolyzed, whey milk, tomato juice) affected some metabolic traits (e.g., consumption of carbohydrates and synthesis of organic acids) compared to de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth. The analysis of the fermentation profile showed that the highest number of carbon sources metabolized by L. plantarum strains was found using cells cultivated in media containing low concentration of glucose or no glucose at all. The proteomic maps of the strains were comparatively determined after growth on MRS broth and under food-like conditions. The amount of proteins depended on strain and, especially, on culture conditions. Proteins showing decreased or increased amounts under food-like conditions were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS or LC-nano-ESI-MS/MS. Changes of the proteome concerned proteins that are involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, energy metabolism, Sec-dependent secretion system, stress response, nucleotide metabolism, regulation of nitrogen metabolism, and protein biosynthesis. A catabolic repression by glucose on carbohydrate transport and metabolism was also found. The characterization of the proteomes in response to changing environmental conditions could be useful to get L. plantarum strains adapted for specific applications.
Journal of proteomics.J Proteomics.2014 Jan 16;96:366-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
This study aimed at investigating the proteomic adaptation of Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Cultivation of L. plantarum strains under food-like conditions (wheat flour hydrolyzed, whey milk, tomato juice) affected some metabolic traits (e.g., consumption of carbohydrates and synthesis of organic
PMID 24231110

Making a match for Valinomycin: steroidal scaffolds in the design of electroneutral, electrogenic anion carriers.

Valkenier H1, Davis AP.Author information 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.AbstractThe natural product Valinomycin is a well-known transmembrane cation carrier. Despite being uncharged, this molecule can extract potassium ions from water without counterions and ferry them through a membrane interior. Because it only transports positive ions, it is electrogenic, mediating a flow of charge across the membrane. Equivalent agents for anions would be valuable research tools and may have therapeutic applications, especially in the treatment of "channelopathies" such as cystic fibrosis. However, no such molecules have been found in nature. In this Account, we describe our research toward synthetic and rationally designed "anti-Valinomycins". As our core approach to this problem, we used the steroid nucleus, provided by cholic acid, as a scaffold for the assembly of anion receptors. By positioning H-bond donors on this framework, especially urea and thiourea groups in conformationally constrained axial positions, we created binding sites capable of exceptionally high affinities (up to 10(11) M(-1) for R4N(+)Cl(-) in chloroform). The extended hydrocarbon surface of the steroid helped to maintain compatibility with nonpolar media. When we tested these "cholapods" for chloride transport in vesicles, they provided the first evidence for electrogenic anion transport mediated by electroneutral organic carriers: in other words, they are the first authenticated anti-Valinomycins. They also proved active in live cells that we grew and assayed in an Ussing chamber. In subsequent work, we have shown that the cholapods can exhibit very high activities, with transport observed down to carrier/lipid ratios of 1:250,000. We also understand some of the effects of structure on the activity of these molecules. For example, in most cases, powerful transporters also act as powerful receptors. On the other hand, some modifications which favor binding do not promote transport. We gained functional advantages by cyclizing the cholapod architecture, which encloses the anion binding site. We could also simplify the structure without compromising function. A steroid-inspired trans-decalin framework has proved highly effective and may lead to agents with practical advantages. Changing an ester side-chain in this system revealed a surprising effect, whereby increased length and/or lipophilicity resulted in substantially raised activity. Although much remains to be discovered about these anionophores, their high activities and intrinsic tuneabilities bode well for applications. In future work, we plan to develop and exploit these molecules as tools for biophysical research and to explore the possibility of useful biological activity.
Accounts of chemical research.Acc Chem Res.2013 Dec 17;46(12):2898-909. doi: 10.1021/ar4000345. Epub 2013 Mar 20.
The natural product Valinomycin is a well-known transmembrane cation carrier. Despite being uncharged, this molecule can extract potassium ions from water without counterions and ferry them through a membrane interior. Because it only transports positive ions, it is electrogenic, mediating a flow of
PMID 23514113