WordNet

established or well-known or widely recognized as a model of authority or excellence; "a standard reference work"; "the classical argument between free trade and protectionism"
the value behind the money in a monetary system (同)monetary standard
a board measure = 1980 board feet
any distinctive flag (同)banner
an upright pole or beam (especially one used as a support); "distance was marked by standards every mile"; "lamps supported on standards provided illumination"
a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work" (同)criterion, measure, touchstone
conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers; "standard English" (American); "received standard English is sometimes called the Kings English" (British) (同)received
regularly and widely used or sold; "a standard size"; "a stock item" (同)stock
commonly used or supplied; "standard procedure"; "standard car equipment"
conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind; "windows of standard width"; "standard sizes"; "the standard fixtures"; "standard brands"; "standard operating procedure"
work as an intern; "The young doctor is interning at the Medical Center this year"
an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman is a British term) (同)interne, houseman, medical intern
deprive of freedom; "During WW II, Japanese were interned in camps in the West"
happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface; "internal organs"; "internal mechanism of a toy"; "internal party maneuvering"
occurring within an institution or community; "intragroup squabbling within the corporation" (同)intragroup

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『標準』,基準,水準,規範 / 〈C〉(度量衡の)基本単位 / 〈U〉〈C〉(貨幣制度の)本位 / 〈C〉旗,軍旗;(主義・主張などの)旗じるし / 〈C〉支桂,ランプ台,しょく台 / 『標準の』,標準的な / 定評のある,権威のある
(特に戦時中)〈人・船など〉‘を'強制収容する,抑留する
『内側の』,内部にある / 『国内の』(domestic) / 内からとる,内用の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/12 11:29:46」(JST)

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An internal standard in analytical chemistry is a chemical substance that is added in a constant amount to samples, the blank and calibration standards in a chemical analysis. This substance can then be used for calibration by plotting the ratio of the analyte signal to the internal standard signal as a function of the analyte concentration of the standards. This is done to correct for the loss of analyte during sample preparation or sample inlet. The internal standard is a compound that is very similar, but not identical to the chemical species of interest in the samples, as the effects of sample preparation should, relative to the amount of each species, be the same for the signal from the internal standard as for the signal(s) from the species of interest in the ideal case. Adding known quantities of analyte(s) of interest is a distinct technique called standard addition, which is performed to correct for matrix effects.

This ratio for the samples is then used to obtain their analyte concentrations from a calibration curve. The internal standard used needs to provide a signal that is similar to the analyte signal in most ways but sufficiently different so that the two signals are readily distinguishable by the instrument. For example deuterated chlorobenzene (C₆D₅Cl) is an internal standard used in the analysis of volatiles on GC-MS because it is similar to Chlorobenzene but does not occur naturally. Norleucine is also a popular internal standard for the analysis of amino acids via GC-MS.

In NMR spectroscopy, e.g. of the nuclei ¹H, ¹³C and ²⁹Si, frequencies depend on the magnetic field, which is not the same across all experiments. Therefore, frequencies are reported as relative differences to the internal standard tetramethylsilane. This relative difference to TMS is called chemical shift, and measured in parts per million.

In practice, the difference between the signals of common solvents and TMS are known, and since modern instruments are capable of detecting the small quantities of protonated solvent present in commercial deuterated solvents no TMS need be added. By specifying the lock solvent to be used, modern spectrometers are able to correctly reference the sample; in effect, the solvent itself serves as the internal standard.

In chromatography, internal standards are used to determine the concentration of other analytes by calculating response factor. The internal standard selected should be again similar to the analyte and have a similar retention time and similar derivitization. It must be stable and must not interfere with the sample components.

References

Skoog, Douglas A. (1998). Principles of Instrumental Analysis: Introduction, pp. 18. Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0-03-002078-6
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "internal standard".

External links

Internal standard at chemistry.adelaide.edu.au

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