- 関
- internal、intravital
WordNet
- happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface; "internal organs"; "internal mechanism of a toy"; "internal party maneuvering"
- occurring within an institution or community; "intragroup squabbling within the corporation" (同)intragroup
- holding office; "the in party"
- to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" (同)inwards, inward
- currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in"
- directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『内側の』,内部にある / 『国内の』(domestic) / 内からとる,内用の
- 《具体的な場所,位置》 / …『の中に』(『で』) / …『において』,…で / 《intoの代りに移動を表す動詞と共に》…『の中へ』 / (乗り物)『に乗って』 / …『の状熊に』(『で』) / …『に従事して』,に属して / …『を身につけて』,に覆われて / 《『in』do『ing』の形で》…『するときに』,する際に(when) / 《時間》 / …『して』,…『が経過したあと』 / …『の間に』 / …『については』,…の点では / 《方法・手段・材料》…『で』 / 《人を目的語にして,性質・能力があることを示して》…の中に / …の目的で,のつもりで,として / 《比率割合》…のうちで,につき / 《過去分詞に伴って》…に[…されて] / 『中へ』(に) / 『在宅して』,帰って / (乗り物などが)『到着して』,(時期・季節が)来て / 出回って,流行して / 《俗》流行の,当世風の / 《話》特定の人々にのみ理解される
- indiumの化学記号
- Indiana
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/11/14 06:35:12」(JST)
[Wiki ja表示]
in vivo(イン・ビボ)の由来はラテン語で、意味は「生体内で」。
in vivoでの実験は各種の条件が人為的にコントロールされていない条件という意味でもあり、このため in vitro と区別される。具体的には細胞内での反応などがこれにあたる。
生化学や分子生物学などで反応が生体内で起きていることを、対義語である in vitro と対比するためにこの表現が用いられることが多い(例:試験管内における実験では~の結果になり、生体内の~という現象と一致する)。
In vivo と in vitro との区別は研究分野によって多少異なる。個体あるいはその組織・臓器を対象としている生理学などでは、個体を扱えば in vivo、それから取り出した組織等を扱えば in vitro となる。一方細胞以下のミクロな対象を扱う細胞生物学や分子生物学では、培養した細胞を扱えば in vivo 、細胞から取り出した細胞内器官や物質(DNAや蛋白質)を扱えば in vitro ということが多い。つまりどのレベルを「生きている」と見るかの違いである。
参考文献
この節は執筆中です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
関連項目
- in vitro
- in situ
- in silico
外部リンク
この節は執筆中です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。
[Wiki en表示]
For other uses, see In Vivo (disambiguation).
In vivo (Latin for "within the living") is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro ("within the glass", i.e., in a test tube or petri dish) controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are two forms of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. The maxim in vivo veritas ("in a living thing [there is] truth")[1] used to describe this type of testing is a play on words from in vino veritas, in wine [there is] truth.
Contents
- 1 In vivo vs. ex vivo research
- 2 Methods of use
- 3 See also
- 4 References
|
In vivo vs. ex vivo research
In microbiology in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.
Methods of use
According to Christopher Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."[2]
See also
- Animal testing
- Ex vivo
- In natura
- In papyro
- In planta
- In silico
- In situ
- In utero
- In vitro
- In vivo imaging
Biomedical research: Clinical study design / Design of experiments
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|
Overview |
- Clinical trial
- Clinical trial protocol
- Academic clinical trials
- Clinical study design
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Controlled study
(EBM I to II-1; A to B) |
- Randomized controlled trial (Blind experiment, Open-label trial)
|
|
Observational study
(EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C) |
- Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study
- Cohort study (Retrospective cohort study, Prospective cohort study)
- Case-control study (Nested case-control study)
- Case series
- Case study
- Case report
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|
Epidemiology/
methods |
- occurrence: Incidence (Cumulative incidence)
- Prevalence (Point prevalence, Period prevalence)
- association: absolute (Absolute risk reduction, Attributable risk, Attributable risk percent)
- relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio)
- other: Virulence
- Infectivity
- Mortality rate
- Morbidity
- Case fatality rate
- Specificity and sensitivity
- Likelihood-ratios
- Pre/post-test probability
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|
Trial/test types |
- In vitro
- In vivo
- Animal testing
- Animal testing on non-human primates
- First-in-man study
- Multicenter trial
- Seeding trial
- Vaccine trial
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Analysis of clinical trials |
- Risk–benefit analysis
- Systematic review
- Meta-analysis
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Interpretation of results |
- Selection bias
- Correlation does not imply causation
- Null result
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- Category
- Glossary
- List of topics
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References
- ^ Life Science Technologies Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas, Science Magazine, 2007
- ^ Lipinski C, Hopkins A (2004). "Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine". Nature 432 (7019): 855–61. doi:10.1038/nature03193. PMID 15602551.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery.
- Pathak D, Kumar P, Kuppusamy G, Gupta A, Kamble B, Wadhwani A.Author information Department of Pharmaceutics, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, (Off campus J.S.S. University, Mysore) , Udhagamandalam , India.AbstractThe water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) and 2D (HMQC, COSY) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The fenugreek mucilage was identified to be a galactomannan chain consisting of 4 units of galactose attached to the backbone of 6 mannose units in 1:1.5 ratio. The isphagula mucilage was identified to be an arabinoxylan polysaccharide chain consisting of 4 units of arabinofuranose attached to the backbone of 9 xylopyrannose units in 1:3 ratio. The mango gum showed the presence of amylose, α-arabinofuranosyl and β-galactopyranosyl, respectively. The characterized mucilages and gum were individually formulated into nanoparticulate system using their complementarily charged polymer chitosan. The particles were observed to be spherical in shape in the range of 61.5-90 nm having zetapotential between 31 and 34 mV and PDI of 0.097-0.241. The prepared nanoparticles were observed to be nonirritant and nontoxic in vitro and in vivo upto 2000 μg/ml. Therefore, these mucilages and gum can be the alternatives of anionic polymers for the ocular drug delivery system.
- Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):843-55. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.834996. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
- The water-soluble fractions of mucilages and gum from the seeds of fenugreek, isphagula and mango bark exudate were isolated, purified and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), maldi/GC-MS, elemental analysis, 1D ((1)H and (13)C) a
- PMID 23952497
- Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene with residence in the lung.
- Schinwald A, Murphy F, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Sefiane K, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ.Author information Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research , Edinburgh , UK.AbstractTwo-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In this study we focussed on medium-term effects of graphene in lung tissue by investigating the pulmonary inflammation 6 weeks after pharyngeal aspiration of unoxidised multilayered graphene platelets (GPs) in mice and assessed their biopersistence in the lung tissue using Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, GP degradation in vitro was examined after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) treatment up to 1 week. Building on our previous report showing acute inflammation in mice lungs at 1 day, pristine GP showed minimal inflammation in mouse lungs after 6 weeks even though no degradation of GP in lung tissue was observed and large deposits of GP were evident in the lungs. Raman analysis of GP in tissue sections showed minimal oxidation, and in vitro examinations of enzymatic oxidation of GP via HRP and H2O2 showed only slight increases in ID/IG ratio and the appearance of the Raman D' band at 1620 cm(-1) (surrogates of graphene oxidation). Our results showing non-inflammogenicity at medium time points have important implications in the hazard identification of GPs following inhalation exposure and for their use in biomedical applications. Additionally, the biopersistence of pristine GP in vivo with no associated inflammation could open the way to applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
- Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):824-32. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.831502. Epub 2013 Sep 5.
- Two-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In
- PMID 23924429
- Shigella vaccine development: prospective animal models and current status.
- Kim YJ, Yeo SG, Park JH, Ko HJ.Author information Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Hyoja 2-dong, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea 200-701. hjko@kangwon.ac.kr.AbstractShigella was first discovered in 1897 and is a major causative agent of dysenteric diarrhea. The number of affected patients has decreased globally because of improved sanitary conditions; however, Shigella still causes serious problems in many subjects, including young children and the elderly, especially in developing countries. Although antibiotics may be effective, a vaccine would be the most powerful solution to combat shigellosis because of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. However, the development of a vaccine is hampered by several problems. First, there is no suitable animal model that can replace human-based studies for the investigation of the in vivo mechanisms of Shigella vaccines. Mouse, guinea pig, rat, rabbit, and nonhuman primates could be used as models for shigellosis, but they do not represent human shigellosis and each has its own weaknesses. However, a recent murine model based on peritoneal infection with virulent S. flexneri 2a is promising. Moreover, although the inflammatory responses and mechanisms such as pathogenassociated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns have been studied, the pathology and immunology of Shigella are still not clearly defined. Despite these obstacles, many vaccine candidates have been developed, including live attenuated, killed whole cells, conjugated, and subunit vaccines. The development of Shigella vaccines also demands considerations of the cost, routes of administration, ease of storage (stability), cross-reactivity, safety, and immunogenicity. The main aim of this review is to provide a detailed introduction to the many promising vaccine candidates and animal models currently available, including the newly developed mouse model.
- Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):903-12.
- Shigella was first discovered in 1897 and is a major causative agent of dysenteric diarrhea. The number of affected patients has decreased globally because of improved sanitary conditions; however, Shigella still causes serious problems in many subjects, including young children and the elderly, esp
- PMID 24372251
Japanese Journal
- Long-term Potentiation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission onto Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons Contributes to Adaptation of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex.
- Tanaka Shinsuke,Kawaguchi Shin-Ya,Shioi Go,Hirano Tomoo
- The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 33(43), 17209-17220, 2013-10-23
- … 2013-10-23.Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum is thought to contribute to motor learning. … In particular, long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje neuron (PN) excitatory synapses has attracted much attention of neuroscientists as a primary cellular mechanism for motor learning. … In contrast, roles of plasticity at cerebellar inhibitory synapses in vivo remain unknown. …
- NAID 120005342657
- MLL Becomes Functional through Intra-Molecular Interaction Not by Proteolytic Processing.
- Yokoyama Akihiko,Ficara Francesca,Murphy Mark J,Meisel Christian,Hatanaka Chikako,Kitabayashi Issay,Cleary Michael L
- PloS one 8(9), 2013-09-10
- … To address their in vivo roles, mouse mutant alleles were created that exclusively express either a variant protein incapable of intra-molecular interaction (designated de) or an uncleavable mutant protein (designated uc). … The de homozygous mice died during midgestation and manifested devastating failure in embryonic development and reduced numbers of hematopoietic progenitors, whereas uc homozygous mice displayed no apparent defects. …
- NAID 120005333794
- Erythromycin treatment suppresses myocardial injury in autoimmune myocarditis in rats via suppression of superoxide production.
- Hirano Emi,Shimada Kana,Komiyama Taeka,Fujita Masatoshi,Kishimoto Chiharu
- International journal of cardiology 167(5), 2228-2233, 2013-09-01
- … [Background]Recent evidence suggests that erythromycin (EM), a major macrolide antibiotic, has many biological functions in addition to the anti-bacterial actions, including anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging actions. … We tested the hypothesis that EM ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats attributing to the suppression of superoxide production. …
- NAID 120005324907
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- in vivo(イン・ビボ)の由来はラテン語で、意味は「生体内で」。 in vivoでの実験は各種の 条件が人為的にコントロールされていない条件という意味でもあり、このため in vitro と 区別される。具体的には細胞内での反応などがこれにあたる。 生化学や分子生物学 ...
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