| Follicular lymphoma |
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Micrograph of a follicular lymphoma, showing the characteristically abnormal lymphoid follicles that gave the condition its name. H&E stain.
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| Classification and external resources |
| Specialty |
Hematology and oncology |
| ICD-10 |
C82 |
| ICD-9-CM |
202.0 |
| ICD-O |
M9690/3 |
| OMIM |
151430 |
| eMedicine |
med/1362 |
| MeSH |
D008224 |
Follicular lymphoma is a type of blood cancer. It is the most common of the indolent (slow-growing) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and the second-most-common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas overall. It is defined as a lymphoma of follicle center B-cells (centrocytes and centroblasts), which has at least a partially follicular pattern. It is positive for the B-cell markers CD10, CD19, CD22, and usually CD20,[1] but almost always negative for CD5.[2]
There are several synonymous and obsolete terms for this disease, such as CB/CC lymphoma (Centroblastic and Centrocytic lymphoma), nodular lymphoma[3] and Brill-Symmers Disease.
Contents
- 1 Morphology
- 2 Grading
- 3 Causes
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 microRNA expression
- 7 Epidemiology
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Morphology
Follicular lymphoma replacing a lymph node.
The tumor is composed of follicles containing a mixture of centrocytes (Kiel nomenclature adopted by WHO experts) or cleaved follicle center cells (older American nomenclature), "small cells", and centroblasts (Kiel nomenclature adopted by WHO experts) or large noncleaved follicle center cells (older American nomenclature), "large cells". These follicles are surrounded by non-malignant cells, mostly T-cells. In the follicles, centrocytes typically predominate; centroblasts are usually in minority.
Grading
Classic appearance of spleen involved by follicular lymphoma, namely the presence of discrete, miliary, small, white "pearly" nodules throughout the whole parenchyma.
According to the WHO criteria, the disease is morphologically graded into:[4]
- grade 1 (<5 centroblasts per high-power field (hpf))
- grade 2 (6–15 centroblasts/hpf)
- grade 3 (>15 centroblasts/hpf).
Grade 3 is further subdivided into:
- grade 3A (centrocytes still present)
- grade 3B (the follicles consist almost entirely of centroblasts)
The WHO 2008 update classifies grades 1 and 2 now as low grade follicular lymphoma, grade 3A as high grade follicular lymphoma, and grade 3B as Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).
Causes
A translocation between chromosome 14 and 18 results in the overexpression of the bcl-2 gene.[5] As the bcl-2 protein is normally involved in preventing apoptosis, cells with an overexpression of this protein are basically immortal. The bcl-2 gene is normally found on chromosome 18, and the translocation moves the gene near to the site of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer element on chromosome 14.
Translocations of BCL6 at 3q27 can also be involved.[6]
Treatment
There is no consensus regarding the best treatment protocol. Several considerations should be taken into account including age, stage, and prognostic scores. Patients with advanced disease who are asymptomatic might benefit from a watch and wait approach as early treatment does not provide survival benefit.[7][8] When patients are symptomatic, specific treatment is required, which might include various combinations of alkylators, nucleoside analogues, anthracycline-containing regimens (e.g., CHOP), monoclonal antibodies (rituximab), radioimmunotherapy, autologous, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The disease is regarded as incurable (although allogeneic stem cell transplantation may be curative, the mortality from the procedure is too high to be a first line option). The exception is localized disease, which can be cured by local irradiation.
Personalised idiotype vaccines have shown promise, but have still to prove their efficacy in randomized clinical trials.[9]
In 2010 Rituximab was approved by the EC for first-line maintenance treatment of follicular lymphoma.[10] Pre-clinical evidence suggests that rituximab could be also used in combination with integrin inhibitors to overcome the resistance to rituximab mediated by stromal cells .[11] However, follicular lymphoma which is CD20 negative will not benefit from Rituximab which targets CD20.
Trial results released in June 2012 show that bendamustine, a drug first developed in East Germany in the 1960s, more than doubled disease progression-free survival when given along with rituximab. The combination also left patients with fewer side effects than the older treatment (a combination of five drugs—rituximab, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), vincristine and prednisone, collectively called R-CHOP).[12]
There are a large number of recent and current clinical trials for FL.[13]
Prognosis
Median survival is around 10 years, but the range is wide, from less than one year, to more than 20 years. Some patients may never need treatment. The overall survival rate at 5 years is 72-77%.[14]
microRNA expression
Recently, it was described that short non-coding RNAs named microRNAs (miRNAs) have important functions in lymphoma biology, including follicular lymphoma. In malignant B cells miRNAs participate in pathways fundamental to B cell development like B cell receptor (BCR) signalling, B cell migration/adhesion, cell-cell interactions in immune niches, and the production and class-switching of immunoglobulins.[15] MiRNAs influence B cell maturation, generation of pre-, marginal zone, follicular, B1, plasma and memory B cells.[15]
Epidemiology
Of all cancers involving the same class of blood cell, 22% of cases are follicular lymphomas.[16]
See also
- List of hematologic conditions
References
- ^ Overview at UMDNJ
- ^ Barekman CL, Aguilera NS, Abbondanzo SL (July 2001). "Low-grade B-cell lymphoma with coexpression of both CD5 and CD10. A report of 3 cases". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (7): 951–3. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<0951:LGBCLW>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11419985.
- ^ "follicular lymphoma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ "Follicular Lymphomas". Retrieved 2008-07-26.
- ^ Bosga-Bouwer AG, van Imhoff GW, Boonstra R, et al. (February 2003). "Follicular lymphoma grade 3B includes 3 cytogenetically defined subgroups with primary t(14;18), 3q27, or other translocations: t(14;18) and 3q27 are mutually exclusive". Blood 101 (3): 1149–54. doi:10.1182/blood.V101.3.1149. PMID 12529293.
- ^ Bosga-Bouwer AG, Haralambieva E, Booman M, et al. (November 2005). "BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3B". Genes Chromosomes Cancer 44 (3): 301–4. doi:10.1002/gcc.20246. PMID 16075463.
- ^ Follicular Lymphoma: Perspective, Treatment Options, and Strategy by T. Andrew Lister, MD, FRCP, http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/709528_transcript
- ^ Watchful Waiting in Low–Tumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma in the Rituximab Era: Results of an F2-Study Database http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/31/3848.abstract?sid=40023c4f-fb96-484b-a302-1ade09cc741e
- ^ Inoges S, de Cerio AL, Soria E, Villanueva H, Pastor F, Bendandi M (January 2010). "Idiotype vaccines for human B-cell malignancies". Curr. Pharm. Des. 16 (3): 300–7. doi:10.2174/138161210790170111. PMID 20109139.
- ^ "Roche Gets EC Nod for Follicular Lymphoma Maintenance Therapy". October 29, 2010.
- ^ Mraz, M.; Zent, C. S.; Church, A. K.; Jelinek, D. F.; Wu, X.; Pospisilova, S.; Ansell, S. M.; Novak, A. J.; Kay, N. E.; Witzig, T. E.; Nowakowski, G. S. (2011). "Bone marrow stromal cells protect lymphoma B-cells from rituximab-induced apoptosis and targeting integrin α-4-β-1 (VLA-4) with natalizumab can overcome this resistance". British Journal of Haematology 155 (1): 53–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08794.x. PMID 21749361.
- ^ "'Rediscovered' Lymphoma Drug Helps Double Survival: Study". June 3, 2012.
- ^ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=follicular+lymphoma
- ^ Lymphoma, Follicular at eMedicine
- ^ a b Musilova, K; Mraz, M (2014). "MicroRNAs in B cell lymphomas: How a complex biology gets more complex". Leukemia. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.351. PMID 25541152.
- ^ Turgeon, Mary Louise (2005). Clinical hematology: theory and procedures. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 283. ISBN 0-7817-5007-5.
Frequency of lymphoid neoplasms. (Source: Modified from WHO Blue Book on Tumour of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 2001, p. 2001.)
External links
- Online Resource Community for Follicular Lymphoma.
- Resource page for follicular lymphoma
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Hematological malignancy/leukemia histology (ICD-O 9590–9989, C81–C96, 200–208)
Lymphoid/Lymphoproliferative, Lymphomas/Lymphoid leukemias (9590–9739, 9800–9839)
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B cell
(lymphoma,
leukemia)
(most CD19
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By development/
marker |
| TdT+ |
- ALL (Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma)
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| CD5+ |
- mantle zone (Mantle cell)
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| CD22+ |
- Prolymphocytic
- CD11c+ (Hairy cell leukemia)
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| CD79a+ |
- germinal center/follicular B cell (Follicular
- Burkitt's
- GCB DLBCL
- Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma)
- marginal zone/marginal-zone B cell (Splenic marginal zone
- MALT
- Nodal marginal zone
- Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma)
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| RS (CD15+, CD30+) |
- Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (Nodular sclerosis)
- CD20+ (Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma)
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PCDs/PP
(CD38+/CD138+) |
- see immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
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|
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| By infection |
- KSHV (Primary effusion)
- EBV (Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
- Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)
- HIV (AIDS-related lymphoma)
- Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma)
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| Cutaneous |
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
- Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
- Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
- Plasmacytoma
- Plasmacytosis
- Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma
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|
|
| T/NK |
T cell
(lymphoma,
leukemia)
(most CD3
|
By development/
marker |
- TdT+: ALL (Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma)
- prolymphocyte (Prolymphocytic)
- CD30+ (Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
- Lymphomatoid papulosis type A)
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| Cutaneous |
| MF+variants |
- indolent: Mycosis fungoides
- Pagetoid reticulosis
- Granulomatous slack skin
aggressive: Sézary disease
- Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
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| Non-MF |
- CD30-: Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma
- Pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma
- Lymphomatoid papulosis type B
- CD30+: CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
- Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large cell lymphoma
- Lymphomatoid papulosis type A
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| Other peripheral |
- Hepatosplenic
- Angioimmunoblastic
- Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma-Not-Otherwise-Specified (Lennert lymphoma)
- Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma
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| By infection |
- HTLV-1 (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)
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NK cell/
(most CD56) |
- Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
- Blastic NK cell lymphoma
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| T or NK |
- EBV (Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma/Angiocentric lymphoma)
- Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
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| Lymphoid+myeloid |
- Acute biphenotypic leukaemia
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| Lymphocytosis |
- Lymphoproliferative disorders (X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
- Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome)
- Leukemoid reaction
- Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
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|
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| Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia |
- Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
- with bandlike and perivascular patterns
- with nodular pattern
- Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin
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Index of the immune system
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| Description |
- Physiology
- cells
- autoantigens
- autoantibodies
- complement
- surface antigens
- IG receptors
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| Disease |
- Allergies
- Immunodeficiency
- Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
- Hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders
- Neoplasms and cancer
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- antihistamines
- immunostimulants
- immunosuppressants
- monoclonal antibodies
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Chromosome abnormalities (Q90–Q99, 758)
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| Autosomal |
| Trisomies |
- Down syndrome
- Edwards syndrome
- Patau syndrome
- Trisomy 9
- Warkany syndrome 2
- Cat eye syndrome/Trisomy 22
- Trisomy 16
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| Monosomies/deletions |
- 1q21.1 deletion syndrome/1q21.1 duplication syndrome/TAR syndrome
- Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
- Cri du chat/Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
- Williams syndrome
- Jacobsen syndrome
- Miller–Dieker syndrome/Smith–Magenis syndrome
- DiGeorge syndrome
- 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
- 22q13 deletion syndrome
- genomic imprinting
- Angelman syndrome/Prader–Willi syndrome (15)
- Distal 18q-/Proximal 18q-
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|
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| X/Y linked |
| Monosomy |
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Trisomy/tetrasomy,
other karyotypes/mosaics |
- Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
- 48,XXYY
- 48,XXXY
- 49,XXXYY
- 49,XXXXY
- Triple X syndrome (47,XXX)
- 48,XXXX
- 49,XXXXX
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| Translocations |
| Leukemia/lymphoma |
| Lymphoid |
- Burkitt's lymphoma t(8 MYC;14 IGH)
- Follicular lymphoma t(14 IGH;18 BCL2)
- Mantle cell lymphoma/Multiple myeloma t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma t(2 ALK;5 NPM1)
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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| Myeloid |
- Philadelphia chromosome t(9 ABL; 22 BCR)
- Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation t(8 RUNX1T1;21 RUNX1)
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia t(15 PML,17 RARA)
- Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia t(1 RBM15;22 MKL1)
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| Other |
- Ewing's sarcoma t(11 FLI1; 22 EWS)
- Synovial sarcoma t(x SYT;18 SSX)
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans t(17 COL1A1;22 PDGFB)
- Myxoid liposarcoma t(12 DDIT3; 16 FUS)
- Desmoplastic small round cell tumor t(11 WT1; 22 EWS)
- Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma t(2 PAX3; 13 FOXO1) t (1 PAX7; 13 FOXO1)
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| Other |
- Fragile X syndrome
- Uniparental disomy
- XX male syndrome
- Ring chromosome (13; 14; 15; 20)
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Index of developmental medicine
|
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| Description |
- Embryology
- Cell lines
- Stem cells
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
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| Disease |
- Due to toxins
- Syndromes
- Chromosomal
- Neonate
- Twins
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