同: EGFR

WordNet

cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response

PrepTutorEJDIC

『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)
(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
=sense organ / 受信装置

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/01 12:14:18」(JST)

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This article is about a cell surface receptor. For estimated measure of kidney function (eGFR), see Glomerular filtration rate.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF-family) of extracellular protein ligands.^[2]

The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) and Her 4 (ErbB-4). Mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer.^[3]

Epidermal growth factor and its receptor was discovered by Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University. Cohen shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discovery of growth factors.

Function[edit]

EGFR signaling cascades

Diagram of the EGF receptor highlighting important domains

EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) exists on the cell surface and is activated by binding of its specific ligands, including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) (note, a full list of the ligands able to activate EGFR and other members of the ErbB family is given in the ErbB article). ErbB2 has no known direct activating ligand, and may be in an activated state constitutively or become active upon heterodimerization with other family members such as EGFR. Upon activation by its growth factor ligands, EGFR undergoes a transition from an inactive monomeric form to an active homodimer^[4] – although there is some evidence that preformed inactive dimers may also exist before ligand binding.^{[citation needed]} In addition to forming homodimers after ligand binding, EGFR may pair with another member of the ErbB receptor family, such as ErbB2/Her2/neu, to create an activated heterodimer. There is also evidence to suggest that clusters of activated EGFRs form, although it remains unclear whether this clustering is important for activation itself or occurs subsequent to activation of individual dimers.^{[citation needed]}

EGFR dimerization stimulates its intrinsic intracellular protein-tyrosine kinase activity. As a result, autophosphorylation of several tyrosine (Y) residues in the C-terminal domain of EGFR occurs. These include Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1148 and Y1173, as shown in the diagram to the left.^[5] This autophosphorylation elicits downstream activation and signaling by several other proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines through their own phosphotyrosine-binding SH2 domains. These downstream signaling proteins initiate several signal transduction cascades, principally the MAPK, Akt and JNK pathways, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.^[6] Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Activation of the receptor is important for the innate immune response in human skin. The kinase domain of EGFR can also cross-phosphorylate tyrosine residues of other receptors it is aggregated with, and can itself be activated in that manner.

Clinical applications[edit]

Mutations that lead to EGFR overexpression (known as upregulation) or overactivity have been associated with a number of cancers, including lung cancer, anal cancers^[7] and glioblastoma multiforme. In this latter case a more or less specific mutation of EGFR, called EGFRvIII is often observed.^[8] Mutations, amplifications or misregulations of EGFR or family members are implicated in about 30% of all epithelial cancers.

Mutations involving EGFR could lead to its constant activation, which could result in uncontrolled cell division – a predisposition for cancer.^[9] Consequently, mutations of EGFR have been identified in several types of cancer, and it is the target of an expanding class of anticancer therapies.^[3]

The identification of EGFR as an oncogene has led to the development of anticancer therapeutics directed against EGFR, including gefitinib^[10] and erlotinib for lung cancer, and cetuximab for colon cancer.

Many therapeutic approaches are aimed at the EGFR. Cetuximab and panitumumab are examples of monoclonal antibody inhibitors. However the former is of the IgG1 type, the latter of the IgG2 type; consequences on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can be quite different.^[11] Other monoclonals in clinical development are zalutumumab, nimotuzumab, and matuzumab. The monoclonal antibodies block the extracellular ligand binding domain. With the binding site blocked, signal molecules can no longer attach there and activate the tyrosine kinase.

Another method is using small molecules to inhibit the EGFR tyrosine kinase, which is on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. Without kinase activity, EGFR is unable to activate itself, which is a prerequisite for binding of downstream adaptor proteins. Ostensibly by halting the signaling cascade in cells that rely on this pathway for growth, tumor proliferation and migration is diminished. Gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib (mixed EGFR and ERBB2 inhibitor) are examples of small molecule kinase inhibitors.

There are several quantitative methods available that use protein phosphorylation detection to identify EGFR family inhibitors.^[12]

EGFR and lung cancer[edit]

New drugs such as Iressa (gefitinib) and Tarceva (erlotinib) directly target the EGFR. Patients have been divided into EGFR-positive and EGFR-negative, based upon whether a tissue test shows a mutation. EGFR-positive patients have shown a 60% response rate, which exceeds the response rate for conventional chemotherapy.^[13]

However, many patients develop resistance. Two primary sources of resistance are the T790M Mutation and MET oncogene.^[13] However, as of 2010 there was no consensus of an accepted approach to combat resistance nor FDA approval of a specific combination. Preclinical results have been reported for AP26113 which targets the T790M mutation.

Preclinical[edit]

Efficient conversion of strongly absorbed light by plasmonic gold nanoparticles to heat energy and their easy bioconjugation suggest their use as selective photothermal agents in molecular cancer cell targeting. Two oral squamous carcinoma cell lines (HSC 313 and HOC 3 Clone 8) and one benign epithelial cell line (HaCaT) were incubated with anti-epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles and then exposed to continuous visible argon ion laser at 514 nm. It is found that the malignant cells require less than half the laser energy to be killed than the benign cells after incubation with anti-EGFR antibody conjugated Au nanoparticles. No photothermal destruction is observed for all types of cells in the absence of nanoparticles at four times energy required to kill the malignant cells with anti-EGFR/Au conjugates bonded. Au nanoparticles thus offer a novel class of selective photothermal agents using a CW laser at low powers.^[14]

Possible involvement in axonal regeneration[edit]

Inhibitors of EGFR could enhance axonal regeneration on non-conducive substrates such as CNS myelin.^[15] The blood clotting protein fibrinogen also activates EGFR, thereby inhibiting regeneration of axons.^[16]

Natural EGFR inhibitors[edit]

Natural inhibitors include potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI), which contains a small cysteine-rich module, called a T-knot scaffold, that is shared by several different protein families, including the EGF family. Structural similarities with these factors can explain the antagonistic effect of PCI.^[17]

Grandinin is an ellagitannin found in Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves^[18] and in oaks.^[19] It suppresses the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human colon carcinoma cells.^[20]

Interactions[edit]

Epidermal growth factor receptor has been shown to interact with:

AR,^[21]^[22]
ARF4,^[23]
CAV1,^[24]
CAV3,^[24]
CBL,^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]
CBLB,^[26]^[30]
CBLC,^[31]^[32]
CDC25A,^[33]
CRK,^[30]^[34]
CTNNB1,^[35]^[36]^[37]
DCN,^[38]^[39]
EGF,^[40]^[41]
GRB14,^[42]
Grb2,^[30]^[40]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]
JAK2,^[50]
MUC1,^[51]^[52]
NCK1,^[43]^[53]^[54]
NCK2^[43]^[55]^[56]
PKC alpha,^[57]
PLCG1,^[25]^[58]
PLSCR1,^[59]
PTPN1,^[60]^[61]
PTPN11,^[30]^[62]
PTPN6,^[62]^[63]
PTPRK,^[64]
SH2D3A,^[65]
SH3KBP1,^[66]^[67]
SHC1,^[30]^[68]
SOS1,^[48]^[69]^[70]
Src,^[50]^[71]^[72]
STAT1,^[50]^[73]
STAT3,^[50]^[74]
STAT5A,^[30]^[50]
UBC,^[27]^[28]^[75] and
WAS.^[76]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 上皮成長因子受容体変異を有する進行非小細胞肺癌に対する全身療法 systemic therapy for advanced non small cell lung cancer with an activating mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor
2. 上皮成長因子受容体（EGFR）阻害剤投与に続発するざ瘡様発疹 acneiform eruption secondary to epidermal growth factor receptor egfr inhibitors
3. 成人における抗癌剤の投与 dosing of anticancer agents in adults
4. 進行非小細胞肺癌に対する遺伝子型による個別治療 personalized genotype directed therapy for advanced non small cell lung cancer
5. 進行非小細胞肺癌の治療の役割 overview of the treatment of advanced non small cell lung cancer

English Journal

Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: A new era begins.

Remon J, Morán T, Majem M, Reguart N, Dalmau E, Márquez-Medina D, Lianes P.SourceMedical Oncology Department, Hospital de Mataró, Carretera de la Cirera, s/n, 08304 Mataró, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jremon@csdm.cat.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2014 Feb;40(1):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.06.002. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
The discovery of mutated oncogenes has opened up a new era for the development of more effective treatments for non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC) harbouring EGFR mutations. However, patients with EGFR-activating mutation ultimately develop acquired resistance (AR). Several studies have ide
PMID 23829935

Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for characterisation of membrane protein-ligand interactions and its potential for drug discovery.

Patching SG.SourceSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK. Electronic address: s.g.patching@leeds.ac.uk.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jan;1838(1):43-55. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.028. Epub 2013 May 9.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a rapidly developing technique for the study of ligand binding interactions with membrane proteins, which are the major molecular targets for validated drugs and for current and foreseeable drug discovery. SPR is label-free and capable of measuring rea
PMID 23665295

Blockage of a miR-21/EGFR regulatory feedback loop augments anti-EGFR therapy in glioblastomas.

Zhang KL, Han L, Chen LY, Shi ZD, Yang M, Ren Y, Chen LC, Zhang JX, Pu PY, Kang CS.SourceDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China; Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), China.
Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2014 Jan 1;342(1):139-49. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.043. Epub 2013 Sep 3.
Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) expression is frequently amplified in human glioblastoma cells. Nimotuzumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against EGFR, has been used globally in clinics as an anti-cancer agent. It is largely unknown whether the blockade of miR-21, a microRNA that is upregula
PMID 24012640

Japanese Journal

Efficacy of increased-dose erlotinib for central nervous system metastases in non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation.

Togashi Yosuke,Masago Katsuhiro,Fukudo Masahide,Tsuchido Yasuhiro,Okuda Chiyuki,Kim Young Hak,Ikemi Yasuaki,Sakamori Yuichi,Mio Tadashi,Katsura Toshiya,Mishima Michiaki
Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 68(4), 1089-1092, 2011-10
Recent reports indicate that refractory central nervous system (CNS) metastases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are improved by high-dose gefitinib or erlotinib administration. We describe a Jap …
NAID 120003534363

The Influence of Intracellular Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signal Activation on the Outcome of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment for Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

KAWANO DAIGO,YANO TOKUJIRO,SHOJI FUMIHIRO,ITO KENSAKU,MORODOMI YOSUKE,HARO AKIRA,MIURA NAOKO,TAKENAKA TOMOYOSHI,YOSHINO ICHIRO,MAEHARA YOSHIHIKO
Surgery today : the Japanese journal of surgery 41(6), 818-823, 2011-06-01
NAID 10029048108

「上皮成長因子受容体」

Epidermal growth factor receptor
	; Extracellular domain of Epidermal growth factor receptor in complex with EGF. PDB 1nql
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1IVO, 1M14, 1M17, 1MOX, 1NQL, 1XKK, 1YY9, 1Z9I, 2EB2, 2EB3, 2GS2, 2GS7, 2ITN, 2ITO, 2ITP, 2ITQ, 2ITT, 2ITU, 2ITV, 2ITW, 2ITX, 2ITY, 2ITZ, 2J5E, 2J5F, 2J6M, 2JIT, 2JIU, 2JIV, 2KS1, 2M0B, 2M20, 2RF9, 2RFD, 2RFE, 2RGP, 3B2U, 3B2V, 3BEL, 3BUO, 3C09, 3G5V, 3G5Y, 3GOP, 3GT8, 3IKA, 3LZB, 3NJP, 3OB2, 3OP0, 3P0Y, 3PFV, 3POZ, 3QWQ, 3UG1, 3UG2, 3VJN, 3VJO, 3VRP, 3VRR, 3W2O, 3W2P, 3W2Q, 3W2R, 3W2S, 3W32, 3W33, 4G5J, 4G5P, 4HJO, 4I1Z, 4I20, 4I21, 4I22, 4I23, 4I24, 4JQ7, 4JQ8, 4JR3, 4JRV, 4KRL, 4KRM, 4KRO, 4KRP, 4LI5, 4LL0
Identifiers
Symbols	EGFR; ERBB; ERBB1; HER1; PIG61; mENA
External IDs	OMIM: 131550 MGI: 95294 HomoloGene: 74545 ChEMBL: 203 GeneCards: EGFR Gene
EC number	2.7.10.1
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• double-stranded DNA binding; • MAP kinase kinase kinase activity; • protein tyrosine kinase activity; • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity; • receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity; • transmembrane signaling receptor activity; • epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity; • protein binding; • ATP binding; • enzyme binding; • protein phosphatase binding; • nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity; • identical protein binding; • protein heterodimerization activity; • actin filament binding;
Cellular component	• Golgi membrane; • extracellular space; • nucleus; • cytoplasm; • endosome; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • plasma membrane; • endosome membrane; • membrane; • integral to membrane; • basolateral plasma membrane; • AP-2 adaptor complex; • nuclear membrane; • membrane raft; • perinuclear region of cytoplasm; • Shc-EGFR complex;
Biological process	• MAPK cascade; • activation of MAPKK activity; • ossification; • embryonic placenta development; • hair follicle development; • response to stress; • signal transduction; • cell surface receptor signaling pathway; • epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • activation of phospholipase C activity; • axon guidance; • salivary gland morphogenesis; • cell proliferation; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • cell-cell adhesion; • cerebral cortex cell migration; • positive regulation of cell migration; • positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in G1/S; • positive regulation of catenin import into nucleus; • negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • negative regulation of protein catabolic process; • positive regulation of phosphorylation; • activation of phospholipase A2 activity by calcium-mediated signaling; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; • innate immune response; • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of DNA repair; • positive regulation of DNA replication; • protein autophosphorylation; • neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway; • phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling; • positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation; • digestive tract morphogenesis; • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; • regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity; • protein insertion into membrane; • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade; • morphogenesis of an epithelial fold; • response to UV-A;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: epidermal growth factor receptor、EGF receptor、EGFR
関: 上皮成長因子レセプター、EGFレセプター、EGF受容体、上皮成長因子受容体キナーゼ、上皮増殖因子レセプター、上皮増殖因子受容体; 上皮成長因子受容体阻害薬

「EGF receptor」

　　[★]

上皮成長因子受容体、上皮成長因子レセプター、EGF受容体、EGFレセプター

関: EGFR、epidermal growth factor receptor、epidermal growth factor receptor kinase

「上皮成長因子レセプター」

　　[★]

英: epidermal growth factor receptor、EGF receptor
関: 上皮成長因子受容体、EGFレセプター、EGF受容体、上皮増殖因子レセプター、上皮増殖因子受容体

「上皮増殖因子レセプター」

　　[★]

英: epidermal growth factor receptor
関: 上皮成長因子受容体、上皮成長因子レセプター、上皮成長因子受容体キナーゼ、上皮増殖因子受容体

「EGFR」

　　[★]

「epidermal growth factor receptor gene」

　　[★]

上皮増殖因子受容体遺伝子、上皮成長因子受容体遺伝子、上皮細胞成長因子受容体遺伝子

関: EGFR gene

「epidermal growth factor receptor kinase」

　　[★]

上皮増殖因子受容体キナーゼ、上皮成長因子受容体キナーゼ

関: EGF receptor、epidermal growth factor receptor

「human epidermal growth factor receptor 2」

　　[★]

ヒト上皮増殖因子受容体2、ヒト上皮成長因子受容体2、ヒト上皮細胞成長因子受容体2

関: HER2

「epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor」

　　[★] 上皮成長因子受容体阻害薬

「grow」

　　[★]

v.

(過去: grew-過去分詞: grown)

成長する、生育する、伸びる

関: extend、growth、outgrow、outgrowth、stretch

「fact」

　　[★]

n.

事実、現状、実際、実態

関: actual、actually、in fact、in practice、indeed、practically

「factor」

　　[★]

n.

因子、要因、要素、ファクター

関: element、elementary、factorial、parameter

「epidermal」

　　[★]

adj.

上皮性の、表皮性の

関: epithelial

「growth」

　　[★]

n.

成長

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リンク元	「上皮成長因子受容体」「EGF receptor」「上皮成長因子レセプター」「上皮増殖因子レセプター」「EGFR」
拡張検索	「epidermal growth factor receptor gene」「epidermal growth factor receptor kinase」「human epidermal growth factor receptor 2」「epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor」
関連記事	「grow」「fact」「factor」「epidermal」「growth」

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epidermal growth factor receptor