WordNet

an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/13 09:36:19」(JST)

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An enkephalin (occasionally spelt encephalin) is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, as they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors. Discovered in 1975, two forms of enkephalin were discovered, one containing leucine ("leu"), and the other containing methionine ("met"). Both are products of the proenkephalin gene.^[2]

Met-enkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met.
Leu-enkephalin has Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu.

Endogenous opioid peptides

There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene.^[3] The proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) also contains the met-enkephalin sequence on the N-terminus of beta-endorphin, but the endorphin peptide is not processed into enkephalin.

Enkephalin receptor

The receptors for enkephalin are the delta opioid receptors and mu opioid receptors. Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein-coupled receptors, with other opioids as ligands as well. The other endogenous opioids are dynorphins (that bind to kappa receptors), endorphins (mu receptors), endomorphins, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs).

References

^ PDB: 1plx; Marcotte I, Separovic F, Auger M, Gagné SM (March 2004). "A multidimensional 1H NMR investigation of the conformation of methionine-enkephalin in fast-tumbling bicelles". Biophys. J. 86 (3): 1587–600. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.1587M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74226-5. PMC 1303993 . PMID 14990485.
^ Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H, Toyosato M, Notake M, Nakanishi S, Numa S (June 1982). "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene". Nature. 297 (5865): 431–4. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..431N. doi:10.1038/297431a0. PMID 6281660.
^ Opioid peptides: Molecular pharmacology, biosynthesis and analysis, R.S. Rapaka and R. L. Hawks (editors) in a National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph (#70), 1986.

External links

Enkephalins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Physiology: 6/6ch2/s6ch2_36 - Essentials of Human Physiology

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1. ACTH、CRH、および他の視床下部／下垂体ペプチドの測定 measurement of acth crh and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides
2. コルチコトロピン-放出ホルモン（CRH）の生理学 physiology of corticotropin releasing hormone
3. ゴケグモによる咬刺傷の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of widow spider bites
4. 病的賭博の概要 overview of gambling disorder
5. 成人の顔面紅潮に対するアプローチ approach to flushing in adults

English Journal

GABA and enkephalin tonically alter sympathetic outflows in the rat spinal cord.

Bowman BR1, Goodchild AK2.
Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical.Auton Neurosci.2015 Dec;193:84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2015.08.006. Epub 2015 Aug 21.
GABA and enkephalin provide significant innervation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Despite some investigation as to the identity of premotor sources of these innervations no comprehensive analyses have been conducted. Similarly, although data describing the cardiovascular effects of blockade
PMID 26329875

Neural activation patterns underlying basolateral amygdala influence on intra-accumbens opioid-driven consummatory versus appetitive high-fat feeding behaviors in the rat.

Parker KE1, McCabe MP1, Johns HW1, Lund DK2, Odu F3, Sharma R2, Thakkar MM4, Cornelison DD2, Will MJ1.
Behavioral neuroscience.Behav Neurosci.2015 Dec;129(6):812-21. doi: 10.1037/bne0000095. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
The present study explored the role of the amygdala in mediating a unique pattern of feeding behavior driven by intra-accumbens (intra-Acb) opioid activation in the rat. Temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), via GABAA agonist muscimol administration prevents increased consumption
PMID 26501175

Mucoadhesive nano-sized supramolecular assemblies for improved pre-corneal drug residence time.

Fabiano A1, Chetoni P1, Zambito Y1.
Drug development and industrial pharmacy.Drug Dev Ind Pharm.2015 Dec;41(12):2069-76. doi: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1066798. Epub 2015 Jul 23.
CONTEXT: Mucoadhesive nanoparticles were compared with non-aggregated constituent polymers for effect on pre-corneal residence of dexamethasone phosphate (DP) or met-enkephalin (ME), administered by eye-drops to rabbits.OBJECTIVE: Deepening the knowledge of ophthalmic nanoparticulate systems in term
PMID 26204347

Japanese Journal

Ignavine: a novel allosteric modulator of the μ opioid receptor

Scientific reports 6, 31748, 2016-08
NAID 120005851329

Kinetics of Membrane Binding and Mobility of Drugs by Multinuclear Dynamic NMR in Situ

日本女性科学者の会学術誌 16(1), 7-14, 2016
NAID 130005142362

モルヒネの低用量化を可能にする鎮痛補助薬の探索研究

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 136(2), 329-335, 2016
NAID 130005121487

「麻薬性鎮痛薬」

	Met-enkephalin 3D structure, alpha-carbons shown as balls and labeled by residue.
Identifiers
Symbol	PENK
Entrez	5179
HUGO	8831
OMIM	131330
RefSeq	NM_006211
UniProt	P01210
Other data
Locus	Chr. 8 q23-q24

　　[★]

英: narcotic analgesic, narcotic analgesics
同: オピオイド鎮痛薬、モルフィン鎮痛薬？？？
関: オピオイド

モルフィン鎮痛薬

内因性オピオイド

外因性オピオイド

合成

phenylheptylamines

メタドン methadone

phenylpiperadines

オピオイド受容体拮抗薬

ナロキソン naloxone

麻酔薬として

心臓手術やハイリスク患者の麻酔に用いる。
使用される薬にはクエン酸ファンタネルやモルヒネがある。
脳神経に存在する麻酔特有の受容体(オピオイド受容体)をしげきする
鎮痛作用は協力
麻酔薬なので常習性がある。
副作用：呼吸抑制、精神神経作用、消化器症状がある。
注意：患者さんの状態に合わせて、睡眠作用のある薬を使用。すなわち、これ単独では眠らない(記憶を失わない)
○強力な鎮痛・鎮静。血圧安定
×術中覚醒。呼吸抑制。筋硬直。徐脈。術中高血圧

パンクロニウム(長時間使用で頻脈になる)を併せて使うことがある。

依存性

麻薬(オピオイド)には精神依存性・身体依存性がある。
慢性的に疼痛が持続しているような癌患者では、κ受容体が賦活され、μ受容体(身体・精神依存性に関与)が抑制されている。このため、依存は起こらない。(SAN.411改変)

副作用

(高頻度)悪心・嘔吐、(高頻度)便秘、眠気、譫妄

「エンケファリン」

　　[★]

英: enkephalin
関: 神経伝達物質、オピオイドペプチド

5残基からなる。C末端のアミノ酸により2種類に分けられる
内因性オピオイド = 内因性モルヒネ様ペプチド

種類 (GOO.549)

メチオニンエンケファリン [Met⁵]enkephalin

Y-G-G-F-M

ロイシンエンケファリン [Leu⁵]enkephalin

Y-G-G-F-L

受容体

オピオイド受容体

enkephalin receptor GOO.149

痛覚抑制

作用

神経伝達物質
修飾物質

脊髄後角、下腸間膜動脈神経節におけるエンケファリンの作用 (SPC.80)

図：SPC.80
1. 脊髄の側角からエンケファリン作動性ニューロンが交感神経節にはいり、アセチルコリン作動性ニューロン軸索末端に対してシナプス前抑制の伝達物質として働く。
2. 脊髄後角において、求心性の感覚入力に対し抑制性の伝達物質として働く。
3. 腸管内壁において、アセチルコリンの放出を抑制する物質として働く。

「enkephalinase」

　　[★]

エンケファリナーゼ、エンケファリン分解酵素

関: neprilysin、neutral endopeptidase

「Met-enkephalin」

　　[★]

メチオニンエンケファリン

関: methionine enkephalin

「leucine enkephalin」

　　[★]

ロイシンエンケファリン

関: Leu-enkephalin

「D-penicillamine(2,5)-enkephalin」

　　[★]

D-ペニシラミン(2

関: DPDPE

「enkephalinamide」

　　[★]

エンケファリンアミド

[pmid14990485-1] PDB: 1plx; Marcotte I, Separovic F, Auger M, Gagné SM (March 2004). "A multidimensional 1H NMR investigation of the conformation of methionine-enkephalin in fast-tumbling bicelles". Biophys. J. 86 (3): 1587–600. Bibcode:2004BpJ....86.1587M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74226-5. PMC 1303993 . PMID 14990485.

[pmid6281660-2] Noda M, Teranishi Y, Takahashi H, Toyosato M, Notake M, Nakanishi S, Numa S (June 1982). "Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene". Nature. 297 (5865): 431–4. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..431N. doi:10.1038/297431a0. PMID 6281660.

[3] Opioid peptides: Molecular pharmacology, biosynthesis and analysis, R.S. Rapaka and R. L. Hawks (editors) in a National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph (#70), 1986.

v t e Opioid receptor modulators
MOR	Agonists (abridged; see here for a full list): 3-HO-PCP 7-Acetoxymitragynine 7-Hydroxymitragynine ψ-Akuammigine α-Chlornaltrexamine α-Narcotine Acetyldihydrocodeine Acetylfentanyl Acrylfentanyl Adrenorphin (metorphamide) AH-7921 Akuammicine Akuammidine Alfentanil Anileridine Apparicine β-Endorphin BAM-12P BAM-18P BAM-22P Benzhydrocodone Benzylmorphine Bezitramide Biphalin BU08070 Buprenorphine Butorphan Butorphanol Butyrfentanyl BW-373U86 Carfentanil Casokefamide Cebranopadol Chloroxymorphamine Codeine DADLE DAMGO (DAGO) Dermorphin Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) Desomorphine Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) Dezocine Dimenoxadol Dimethylaminopivalophenone Eluxadoline Diamorphine (heroin) Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Diphenoxylate Dipipanone Dynorphin A Embutramide Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Eseroline Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Fluorophen Frakefamide Furanylfentanyl Hemorphin-4 Herkinorin Hodgkinsine Hydrocodone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone IBNtxA Ketamine Ketobemidone Kratom Laudanosine Lefetamine Leu-enkephalin Levacetylmethadol Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Loperamide Loxicodegol Matrine Meptazinol Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) Methadone Metkefamide Metopon Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphiceptin Morphine Nalbuphine Nalbuphine sebacate NalBzOH Nalmexone Naltalimide Neopine NFEPP Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine NKTR-181 Norketamine Octreotide Oliceridine OM-3-MNZ Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphazone Oxymorphonazine Oxymorphone Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone OxyPNPH Papaver somniferum (opium) Pentazocine Pericine Pethidine (meperidine) Phenazocine Phencyclidine Piminodine Piritramide PL-017 Prodine Propiram PZM21 Racemethorphan Racemorphan Remifentanil Salsolinol SC-17599 Sinomenine Sufentanil Tapentadol Tetrahydropapaveroline TH-030418 Thebaine Thienorphine Tianeptine Tilidine Tramadol Trimebutine TRIMU 5 TRV734 Tubotaiwine U-47700 Valorphin Viminol Xorphanol PAMs: BMS-986121 BMS-986122 Antagonists: (3S,4S)-Picenadol 2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 3CS-nalmefene 4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 18-MC α-Gliadin β-Chlornaltrexamine β-Funaltrexamine Akuammine Alvimopan AM-251 Apigenin AT-076 Axelopran Bevenopran Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox CTAP CTOP Cyclofoxy Cyprodime Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Epicatechin Eptazocine Gemazocine Ginsenoside R Hyperoside Ibogaine Levallorphan Lobeline LY-255582 LY-2196044 Methocinnamox Methylnaltrexone Methylsamidorphan chloride Naldemedine Nalmefene Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Naloxazone Naloxegol Naloxol Naloxonazine Naloxone Naltrexazone Naltrexonazine Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pawhuskin A Rimonabant Quadazocine Samidorphan Taxifolin Unknown/unsorted: Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol
DOR	Agonists: 3CS-nalmefene 6'-GNTI 7-SIOM ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) ADL-5859 Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amoxapine AR-M100390 (ARM390) AZD2327 β-Endorphin BAM-18P Biphalin BU-48 Butorphan Butorphanol BW-373U86 Casokefamide Cebranopadol Codeine Cyclazocine DADLE Deltorphin A Deltorphin I Deltorphin II Desmethylclozapine Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) Dezocine Diamorphine (heroin) Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine DPDPE DPI-221 DPI-3290 DSLET Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fentanyl FIT Fluorophen Hemorphin-4 Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Ibogaine Isomethadone JNJ-20788560 KNT-127 Kratom Laudanosine Leu-enkephalin Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) Metazocine Metkefamide Mitragynine Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl Morphine N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon Norbuprenorphine NalBzOH Oripavine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pethidine (meperidine) Proglumide Racemethorphan Racemorphan RWJ-394674 Samidorphan SB-235863 SNC-80 SNC-162 TAN-67 (SB-205,607) TH-030418 Thebaine Thiobromadol (C-8813) Tonazocine Tramadol TRV250 Xorphanol Zenazocine Antagonists: 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5'-NTII 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 α-Santolol β-Chlornaltrexamine Apigenin AT-076 Axelopran Bevenopran BNTX Catechin Catechin gallate Clocinnamox Diacetylnalorphine Diprenorphine ECG EGC Eluxadoline Epicatechin ICI-154129 ICI-174864 LY-255582 LY-2196044 Methylnaltrexone Methylnaltrindole N-Benzylnaltrindole Nalmefene Nalorphine Naltrexone Naltriben Naltrindole Naloxone Naringenin Noribogaine Pawhuskin A Quadazocine SDM25N SoRI-9409 Taxifolin Thienorphine Unknown/unsorted: 18-MC Cannabidiol Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Tabernanthine Tetrahydrocannabinol
KOR	Agonists: 3CS-nalmefene 6'-GNTI 8-CAC 18-MC 14-Methoxymetopon β-Chlornaltrexamine β-Funaltrexamine Adrenorphin (metorphamide) Akuuamicine Alazocine (SKF-10047) Allomatrine Apadoline Asimadoline BAM-12P BAM-18P BAM-22P Big dynorphin Bremazocine BRL-52537 Butorphan Butorphanol BW-373U86 Cebranopadol Ciprefadol CR665 Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) Diamorphine (heroin) Diacetylnalorphine Difelikefalin Dihydroetorphine Dihydromorphine Diprenorphine Dynorphin A Dynorphin B (rimorphin) Eluxadoline Enadoline Eptazocine Erinacine E Ethylketazocine Etorphine Fedotozine Fentanyl Gemazocine GR-89696 GR-103545 Hemorphin-4 Herkinorin HS665 Hydromorphone HZ-2 Ibogaine ICI-199,441 ICI-204,448 Ketamine Ketazocine Laudanosine Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol Lexanopadol Lofentanil LPK-26 Lufuradom Matrine MB-1C-OH Menthol Metazocine Metkefamide Mianserin Mirtazapine Morphine Moxazocine MR-2034 N-MPPP Nalbuphine Nalbuphine sebacate NalBzOH Nalfurafine Nalmefene Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) Nalorphine Naltriben Niravoline Norbuprenorphine Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide Noribogaine Norketamine Oripavine Oxilorphan Oxycodone Pentazocine Pethidine (meperidine) Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan RB-64 Salvinorin A (salvia) Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether Samidorphan Spiradoline (U-62,066) TH-030418 Thienorphine Tifluadom Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline) U-50,488 U-54,494A U-69,593 Xorphanol Antagonists: 4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5'-GNTI 6'-GNTI 6β-Naltrexol 6β-Naltrexol-d4 β-Chlornaltrexamine Buprenorphine/samidorphan Amentoflavone ANTI Apigenin Arodyne AT-076 Axelopran AZ-MTAB Binaltorphimine BU09059 Buprenorphine Catechin Catechin gallate CERC-501 (LY-2456302) Clocinnamox Cyclofoxy Dezocine DIPPA EGC ECG Epicatechin Hyperoside JDTic LY-255582 LY-2196044 LY-2444296 LY-2459989 LY-2795050 MeJDTic Methylnaltrexone ML190 ML350 MR-2266 N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic Naloxone Naltrexone Naltrindole Naringenin Norbinaltorphimine Noribogaine Pawhuskin A PF-4455242 RB-64 Quadazocine Taxifolin UPHIT Zyklophin Unknown/unsorted: Akuammicine Akuammine Coronaridine Cyproterone acetate Dihydroakuuamine Ibogamine Tabernanthine
NOP	Agonists: (Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin ((pF)Phe⁴)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ (Phe¹Ψ(CH₂-NH)Gly²)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ Ac-RYYRWK-NH₂ Ac-RYYRIK-NH₂ BU08070 Buprenorphine Cebranopadol Dihydroetorphine Etorphine JNJ-19385899 Levomethorphan Levorphanol Levorphanol Lexanopadol MCOPPB MT-7716 NNC 63-0532 Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) Nociceptin (1-11) Nociceptin (1-13)NH₂ Norbuprenorphine Racemethorphan Racemorphan Ro64-6198 Ro65-6570 SCH-221510 SCH-486757 SR-8993 SR-16435 TH-030418 Antagonists: (Nphe¹)Nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ AT-076 BAN-ORL-24 J-113397 JTC-801 LY-2940094 NalBzOH Nociceptin (1-7) Nocistatin SB-612111 SR-16430 Thienorphine Trap-101 UFP-101
Unsorted	β-Casomorphins Amidorphin BAM-20P Cytochrophin-4 Deprolorphin Gliadorphin (gluteomorphin) Gluten exorphins Hemorphins Kava constituents MEAGL MEAP NEM Neoendorphins Nepetalactone (catnip) Peptide B Peptide E Peptide F Peptide I Rubiscolins Soymorphins
Others	Enkephalinase inhibitors: Amastatin BL-2401 Candoxatril D -Phenylalanine Dexecadotril (retorphan) Ecadotril (sinorphan) Kelatorphan Racecadotril (acetorphan) RB-101 RB-120 RB-3007 Opiorphan Selank Semax Spinorphin Thiorphan Tynorphin Ubenimex (bestatin) Propeptides: β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) Prodynorphin Proenkephalin Pronociceptin Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Others: Kyotorphin (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

リンク元	「麻薬性鎮痛薬」「エンケファリン」
拡張検索	「enkephalinase」「Met-enkephalin」「leucine enkephalin」「D-penicillamine(2,5)-enkephalin」「enkephalinamide」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

enkephalin