WordNet

processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours" (同)developing
a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer" (同)evolution
a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter"; "in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen"
act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining; "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency"; "they funded research and development"
(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
a district that has been developed to serve some purpose; "such land is practical for small park developments"
a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation; "recent developments in Iraq"; "what a revolting development!"
bring disorder to (同)disarray
a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
a disturbance of the peace or of public order
of or relating to or constituting development; "developmental psychology"
not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『発達』,発展,発育,成長;『開発』;進化 / 〈U〉(写真の)現像 / 〈C〉発達(発展)の結果できたもの / 〈C〉開発した土地(地区);(特に)住宅団地(housing development) / 〈C〉(最近の)でき事,新事実
〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
開発の;発達上の;発育上の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/19 01:23:40」(JST)

wiki en

Developmental disorders is a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term.^[1] The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the ICD-10.^[1] These disorders comprise language disorders, learning disorders, motor disorders and autism spectrum disorders.^[2] In broader definitions ADHD is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders.^[1] Yet others include antisocial behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life.^[1] However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.^[1]
Developmental disorders are present from early life. They usually improve as the child grows older, but they also entail impairments that continue through adult life. There is a strong genetic component, and more males are afflicted than females.^[1]

Emergence

Learning disabilities are diagnosed when the children are young and just beginning school. Most learning disabilities are found under the age of 9.^[3]

Young children with communication disorders may not speak at all, or may have a limited vocabulary for their age.^[4] Some children with communication disorders have difficulty understanding simple directions or are unable to name objects.^[4] Most children with communication disorders are able to speak by the time they enter school, however, they continue to have problems with communication.^[4] School-aged children often have problems understanding and formulating words.^[4] Teens may have more difficulty with understanding or expressing abstract ideas.^[4]

Causes

The scientific study of the causes of developmental disorders involves many different theories. Some of the major differences between these theories involves whether or not environment disrupts normal development, or if abnormalities are pre-determined.^[5] Normal development occurs with a combination of contributions from both the environment and genetics. The theories vary in the part each factor has to play in normal development, thus affecting how the abnormalities are caused.^[6]

One theory that supports environmental causes of developmental disorders involves stress in early childhood. Researcher and child psychiatrist Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D, theorizes that developmental disorders can be caused by early childhood traumatization.^[7] In his works he compares developmental disorders in traumatized children to adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, linking extreme environmental stress to the cause of developmental difficulties.^[7] Other stress theories suggest that even small stresses can accumulate to result in emotional, behavioral, or social disorders in children.^[8]

Types

Learning disabilities
Communication disorders
Autism
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Developmental coordination disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Diagnosis

The first diagnosed case of ASD was published in 1943 by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. There is a wide range of cases and severity to ASD so it is very hard to detect the first signs of ASD. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The ages of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years however the mean age of diagnosis is 13 months. On average each case of ASD is tested at 3 different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning.^[9]

In the brain

The cause of ASD is still uncertain. ASD is a disorder of the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. An ASD child’s brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10.^[9]

Symptoms

Still a lot of information is unclear about ASD and the symptoms have a wide range of severity. Signs include impairments in social interactions, communication and repetitive or restricted patterns of interest or behaviors. There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. For children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack of social smile, doesn’t like being touched or held, unusual sensory behavior, lack of imitation. For children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, lack of pointing to object to indicate interest, easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages 24 to 36 months with ASD show lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.^[9]

Treatment

There is no cure for ASD and proper treatment depends on the case and what is most struggled with. ASD is like many other disorders where when diagnosed early, can be better treated. Different types of therapy are helpful such as music therapy and physical therapy. Other treatments include auditory training, discrete trial training, facilitated communication, and sensory integration therapy.^[9]

ADD/ADHD

Attention deficit disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are psychiatric disorders that are marked by significant levels of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness. There are three types of these disorders; inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and a combination (inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive).^[10]

Treatment options

The different kinds of medicines that can be taken to treat attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder include central nervous system stimulants, antidepressants, antihypertensives, and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Examples of central nervous system stimulants include Ritalin, Concerta, and Metadate (different forms of methylphenidate), Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine mixed salts) and Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine sulfate). Examples of the antidepressants, antihypertensives, and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors commonly prescribed are bupropion, clonidine and atomoxetine, respectively.

Symptoms

Symptoms of ADD/ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADD/ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder. Many children that are afflicted with this disorder exhibit poor interpersonal relationships and struggle to fit in socially with their peers.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Michael Rutter, Dorothy V. M. Bishop, Daniel S. Pine, Stephen Scott, Jim Stevenson, Eric Taylor, Anita Thapar, ed. (2008). Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fifth Edition. Dorothy Bishop and Michael Rutter. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-4051-4549-7.
^ http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
^ National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (1982). Learning disabilities: Issues on definition. Asha, 24 (11), 945-947.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Communication Disorders. (n.d.). Children's Hospital of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, WI, Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/
^ Karmiloff, Annette. "Development itself is key to understanding developmental disorders". Page 1. Published October 1, 1998. Retrieved on November 26, 2011 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661398012303.
^ Karmiloff, Annette. "Development itself is key to understanding developmental disorders". Page 1. Published October 1, 1998. Retrieved on November 26, 2011 from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661398012303
^ ^a ^b Perry, Bruce D. and Szalavitz, Maia. "The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog", Basic Books, 2006, p.2. ISBN 978-0-465-05653-8
^ Payne, Kim John. “Simplicity Parenting: Using the Extraordinary Power of Less to Raise Calmer, Happier, and More Secure Kids”, Ballantine Books, 2010, p. 9. ISBN 9780345507983
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dereu, Mieke. (2010). Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Flemish Day-Care Centers with the Checklist for Early Signs of Developmental Disorders. Springer Science+Business Media. 1247-1258.
^ ^a ^b Tresco, Katy E. (2004). Attention Deficit Disorders: School-Based Interventions. Pennsylvania: Bethlehem.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Intellectual disability (mental retardation) in children: Definition, diagnosis, and assessment of needs
2. 協調運動発達障害：臨床的特徴および診断 developmental coordination disorder clinical features and diagnosis
3. 自閉症スペクトラム障害：用語、疫学および病因 autism spectrum disorder terminology epidemiology and pathogenesis
4. プライマリケアにおける発達および行動のスクリーニング検査 developmental and behavioral screening tests in primary care
5. 知的障害（精神遅滞）をもつ成人のプライマリケア primary care of the adult with intellectual disability mental retardation

English Journal

Depression severity is associated with increased risk behaviors and decreased CD4 cell counts.

Taniguchi T1, Shacham E, Onen NF, Grubb JR, Overton ET.
AIDS care.AIDS Care.2014 Aug;26(8):1004-12. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2014.880399. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
Depression is a common comorbidity among HIV-infected individuals. We studied the relationship between depressive symptoms, risk behaviors (risky-sexual behavior, tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use) and HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional study conducted in 2009 at the Washington University HIV C
PMID 24479743

No mutations in hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2B1 in Dutch patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and inclusion body myopathy.

Seelen M1, Visser AE1, Overste DJ1, Kim HJ2, Palud A2, Wong TH3, van Swieten JC4, Scheltens P5, Voermans NC6, Baas F7, de Jong JM8, van der Kooi AJ8, de Visser M8, Veldink JH1, Taylor JP2, Van Es MA9, van den Berg LH1.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Aug;35(8):1956.e9-1956.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.152. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
Inclusion body myopathy (IBM) associated with Paget disease of the bone, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called IBMPFD/ALS or multi system proteinopathy, is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of muscle, brai
PMID 24612671

Mice over-expressing BDNF in forebrain neurons develop an altered behavioral phenotype with age.

Weidner KL1, Buenaventura DF2, Chadman KK3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Jul 15;268:222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.025. Epub 2014 Apr 22.
Evidence from clinical studies suggests that abnormal activity of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). A genetically modified line of mice over-expressing a BDNF transgene in forebrain neurons was used to investigate if this mu
PMID 24768643

Japanese Journal

身体と感情の関係についての現象学的一考察 : 発達障害をよりよく理解するために

大塚類,オオツカルイ,Otsuka Rui
教育人間科学部紀要 4, 45-58, 20130000-00-00
NAID 120005291053

Inhibitory Function and Working Memory in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorders:Does a Continuous Cognitive Gradient Explain ADHD and PDD Traits?

Takeuchi Akihito,Ogino Tatsuya,Hanafusa Kaoru,Morooka Teruko,Oka Makio,Yorifuji Takashi,Ohtsuka Yoko
Acta Medica Okayama 67(5), 293-303, 2013-10-00
… To clarify the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), we investigated the common features and differences of these disorders in neuropsychological profiles. … AD/HD and PDD share neuropsychological features, though each disorder has a specific impairment pattern. …
NAID 120005341862

高機能広汎性発達障害のある中高生のグループ活動における協同ブロック制作の試み

加藤大樹,小倉正義,中澤紗矢香,笹川佑記,森田美弥子,Daiki Kato,Masayoshi OGURA,Sayaka Nakazawa,Yuki Sasakawa,Miyako MORITA
金城学院大学論集. 人文科学編 = Treatises and Studies by the Facalty of Kinjo Gakuin University. Studies in Humanities 10(1), 19-24, 2013-09-30
NAID 120005345069