WordNet

natural process that causes something to form; "the formation of gas in the intestine"; "the formation of crystals"; "the formation of pseudopods"
the act of fabricating something in a particular shape (同)shaping
a particular spatial arrangement
creation by mental activity; "the formation of sentences"; "the formation of memories"
an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit; "a defensive formation"; "a formation of planes"
markedly subnormal in structure or function or intelligence or behavior; "defective speech"
having a defect; "I returned the appliance because it was defective" (同)faulty

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1. 骨軟化症の疫学および病因 epidemiology and etiology of osteomalacia
2. 原発性免疫不全症における悪性腫瘍 malignancy in primary immunodeficiency
3. 常染色体優性多発性嚢胞腎の遺伝学および嚢胞成長のメカニズム genetics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and mechanisms of cyst growth
4. 骨形成不全症：臨床的特徴および診断 osteogenesis imperfecta clinical features and diagnosis
5. 糸球体半月体形成の機序 mechanisms of glomerular crescent formation

The interplay between mitochondria and autophagy and its role in the aging process.

Schiavi A1, Ventura N2.
Experimental gerontology.Exp Gerontol.2014 Aug;56:147-53. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.02.015. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles which play a central role in cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to life-threatening disorders and accelerates the aging process. Surprisingly, on the other hand, a mild reduction of mitochondria functionality can have pro-longevity effect
PMID 24607515

Immune complex formation and in situ B-cell clonal expansion in human cerebral cavernous malformations.

Shi C1, Shenkar R1, Kinloch A2, Henderson SG2, Shaaya M1, Chong AS3, Clark MR2, Awad IA4.
Journal of neuroimmunology.J Neuroimmunol.2014 Jul 15;272(1-2):67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.04.016. Epub 2014 May 10.
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) represent clusters of dilated vascular channels, predisposing to hemorrhagic stroke and seizures. They are associated with defective blood brain barrier, hemorrhages of different ages and a robust inflammatory cell infiltrate. We report for the first time evid
PMID 24864012

Cohen Y1, Klug YA, Dimitrov L, Erez Z, Chuartzman SG, Elinger D, Yofe I, Soliman K, Gärtner J, Thoms S, Schekman R, Elbaz-Alon Y, Zalckvar E, Schuldiner M.
Molecular bioSystems.Mol Biosyst.2014 Jul 3;10(7):1742-8. doi: 10.1039/c4mb00001c. Epub 2014 Apr 10.
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous and dynamic organelles that house many important pathways of cellular metabolism. In recent years it has been demonstrated that mitochondria are tightly connected with peroxisomes and are defective in several peroxisomal diseases. Indeed, these two organelles share metabol
PMID 24722918

Chromosomes Rein Back the Spindle Pole Body during Horsetail Movement in Fission Yeast Meiosis

Chikashige Yuji,Yamane Miho,Okamasa Kasumi,Mori Chie,Fukuta Noriko,Matsuda Atsushi,Haraguchi Tokuko,Hiraoka Yasushi
Cell Structure and Function 39(2), 93-100, 2014
… The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a striking example of bouquet formation, after which the entire nucleus oscillates between the cell poles (these oscillations are generally called horsetail nuclear movements) while the telomeres remain clustered to the spindle pole body (SPB; … pombe mutants defective in telomere clustering frequently form aberrant spindles, such as monopolar or nonpolar spindles, leading to missegregation of the chromosomes at the subsequent meiotic divisions. …
NAID 130004053902

Increase in vascular pattern complexity caused by mutations in LHY and CCA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana under continuous light

Aihara Kohei,Naramoto Satoshi,Hara Miyuki,Mizoguchi Tsuyoshi
Plant Biotechnology, 2014
… Auxin plays a key role in vascular pattern formation in leaves. … For example, plants with mutations in either VASCULAR NETWORK DEFECTIVE 3 (VAN3) or FORKED 1 (FKD1) exhibit reduced complexity in their leaf vascular patterns. …
NAID 130003391361

Atp6ap2/(Pro)renin Receptor Interacts with Par3 as a Cell Polarity Determinant Required for Laminar Formation during Retinal Development in Mice

Kanda Atsuhiro,Noda Kousuke,Yuki Kenya,Ozawa Yoko,Furukawa Takahisa,Ichihara Atsuhiro,Ishida Susumu
Journal of neuroscience 33(49), 19341-19351, 2013-12-04
… Among theses molecules, coimmunoprecipitation using retinal homogenates and ATP6AP2/(P) RR-transfected cells showed that Atp6ap2/(P) RR interacted with partitioning defective 3 homolog (PAR3) protein, which is known to function in the Par-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) system. … Our present data revealed the novel function of Atp6ap2/(P) RR required for laminar formation during retinal development. …
NAID 120005438252