imperfect

• adj.

• 不完全な

関

defective、faulty、imperfection、imperfectly、incomplete、incompletely、vicious

　 　

WordNet

1. not perfect; defective or inadequate; "had only an imperfect understanding of his responsibilities"; "imperfect mortals"; "drainage here is imperfect"
2. markedly subnormal in structure or function or intelligence or behavior; "defective speech"
3. having a defect; "I returned the appliance because it was defective" (同)faulty
4. not yet finished; "his thesis is still incomplete"; "an uncompleted play" (同)uncompleted
5. not complete or total; not completed; "an incomplete account of his life"; "political consequences of incomplete military success"; "an incomplete forward pass" (同)uncomplete
6. characterized by errors; not agreeing with a model or not following established rules; "he submitted a faulty report"; "an incorrect transcription"; the wrong side of the road" (同)incorrect, wrong
7. the state or an instance of being imperfect (同)imperfectness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『完全でない』,欠陥のある / (過去時制で動詞が)未完了の / 未完了時制
2. 『欠点のある』,欠陥のある / 欠けている,足りない,(知能的に)標準以下の / 精神障害者,身体障害者
3. 不完全な;未完成の
4. 欠点(欠陥)のある
5. 『悪意のある』,意地悪な,残忍な / (馬が)御しにくい;(他の動物が)どうもうな / 《米》ひどい,激しい / 《文・今はまれ》『悪徳の』,不道徳の,よこしまな
6. 〈U〉不完全,不備 / 〈C〉欠点,欠陥

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/02 08:27:12」(JST)

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For other uses, see Imperfect (disambiguation).

The imperfect is a verb form, found in various languages, which combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state). It can therefore have meanings similar to the English "was walking" or "used to walk." It contrasts with preterite forms, which refer to a single completed event in the past.

Traditionally, the imperfect of languages such as Latin and French is referred to as one of the tenses, although in fact it encodes aspectual information in addition to tense (time reference). It may be more precisely called past imperfective.

When used in relation to English, "imperfect" refers to forms much more commonly called past progressive or past continuous (like was doing or were doing). These are combinations of past tense with specifically continuous or progressive aspect.

The term can take on specific conventional meanings in the grammars of particular languages. In German, Imperfekt was used to refer to the simply conjugated past tense (to contrast with the Perfekt or compound past form), but the term Präteritum (preterite) is now preferred, since the form does not carry any implication of imperfective aspect.

"Imperfect" comes from the Latin imperfectus "unfinished", because the imperfect expresses an ongoing, uncompleted action. The equivalent Ancient Greek term was paratatikós "prolonged".

Indo-European languages

English

Imperfect meanings in English are expressed in different ways depending on whether the event is continuous or habitual.

For a continuous action (one that was in progress at a particular time in the past), the past progressive (past continuous) form is used, as in "I was eating"; "They were running fast." However certain verbs that express state rather than action do not mark the progressive aspect (see Uses of English verb forms: Progressive); in these cases the simple past tense is used instead: "He was hungry"; "We knew what to do next."

Habitual (repeated) action in the past can be marked by used to, as in "I used to eat a lot", or by the auxiliary verb would, as in "Back then, I would eat early and would walk to school." (The auxiliary would also has other uses, such as expressing conditional mood.) However in many cases the habitual nature of the action does not need to be explicitly marked on the verb, and the simple past is used: "We always ate dinner at six o'clock."

Romance languages

Latin

Conjugation of the imperfect indicative:

	parāre	docēre	legere	capere	scīre	esse
ego	parābam	docēbam	legēbam	capiēbam	sciēbam	eram
tū	parābās	docēbas	legēbās	capiēbās	sciēbās	erās
is	parābat	docēbat	legēbat	capiēbat	sciēbat	erat
nōs	parābāmus	docēbāmus	legēbāmus	capiēbāmus	sciēbāmus	erāmus
vōs	parābātis	docēbātis	legēbātis	capiēbātis	sciēbātis	erātis
eī	parābant	docēbant	legēbant	capiēbant	sciēbant	erant

Notes:

• The imperfect is signified by the signs ba and ebā.
• The imperfect forms of esse are used as auxiliary verbs in the pluperfect of the passive voice along with perfect passive participles.

In Romance languages, the imperfect is generally a past tense. Its uses include representing:

• Repetition and continuity: an action that was happening, used to happen, or happened regularly in the past, as it was ongoing
• A description of people, things, or conditions of the past
• A time in the past
• A relation between past happenings: a situation that was in progress in the past or a condition originated in a previous time, when another isolated and important event occurred (the first verb, indicating the status in progress or condition from the past using the imperfect, while the latter uses the preterite).
• A physical or mental state or condition in progress in the past. Often used with verbs of being, emotion, capability, or conscience. The following verbs are often used in the imperfect in several Romance languages:

English equivalent	French	Spanish	Italian	Portuguese	Romanian
to love	aimer	amar	amare	amar	a iubi
to desire	désirer	desear	desiderare	desejar	a dori
to want	vouloir	querer	volere	querer	a vrea
to prefer	préférer	preferir	preferire	preferir	a prefera
to hope	espérer	esperar	sperare	esperar	a spera
to feel	sentir	sentir	sentire	sentir	a simți
to regret/lament	regretter	lamentar	rimpiangere	lamentar	a regreta
to be	être	ser/estar	essere	ser/estar	a fi
to be able to	pouvoir	poder	potere	poder	a putea
to be familiar with	connaître	conocer	conoscere	conhecer	a cunoaște
to know (as a fact)	savoir	saber	sapere	saber	a ști
to believe	croire	creer	credere	acreditar	a crede
to think	penser	pensar	pensare	pensar	a gândi
to imagine	imaginer	imaginar	immaginare	imaginar	a imagina
to stand/stay	rester	quedar	stare	ficar/estar	a sta

A common mistake of beginners learning a Romance language is putting too much emphasis on whether the time the action occurred is known. This generally does not affect how the imperfect is used. For example, the sentence "Someone ate all of my cookies." (when translated) is not a good candidate for the imperfect. Fundamentally, it is no different from the sentence "We ate all the cookies." Note this fails the repeatability requirement of the imperfect, as it is only known to have happened once. On the other hand, the sentence "I used to have fun in the 1960s." is a good candidate for the imperfect, even though its period is known. In short, knowing when an action occurred is not nearly as important as how long it occurred (or was and still is occurring).

French

To form the imperfect for French regular verbs, take the first person plural present tense, the "nous" (we) form, subtract the -ons suffix, and add the appropriate ending (the forms for être (we), whose "nous" form does not end in -ons, are irregular; they start with ét- but have the same endings):

je	-ais
tu	-ais
il	-ait
nous	-ions
vous	-iez
ils	-aient

Examples:

	parler	choisir	vendre	être	commencer	manger	étudier
je	parlais	choisissais	vendais	étais	commençais	mangeais	étudiais
tu	parlais	choisissais	vendais	étais	commençais	mangeais	étudiais
il	parlait	choisissait	vendait	était	commençait	mangeait	étudiait
nous	parlions	choisissions	vendions	étions	commencions	mangions	étudiions
vous	parliez	choisissiez	vendiez	étiez	commenciez	mangiez	étudiiez
ils	parlaient	choisissaient	vendaient	étaient	commençaient	mangeaient	étudiaient

Usage:

1. Habitual actions or states of being

2. Physical and emotional descriptions: time, weather, age, feelings

3. Actions or states of an unspecified duration

4. Background information in conjunction with the passé composé

5. Wishes or suggestions

6. Conditions in "si" clauses

7. The expressions être en train de and venir de in the past

Notes:

• Verbs that terminate in a stem of -cer and -ger undergo minor orthographic changes to preserve the phonetic sound or allophone. Verbs whose root terminates in the letter "i" maintain the letter despite the consecutiveness in the "nous" and "vous" forms.

Italian

Conjugation of the imperfect indicative:

	avere	essere	parlare	credere	finire	dire	opporre
io	avevo	ero	parlavo	credevo	finivo	dicevo	opponevo
tu	avevi	eri	parlavi	credevi	finivi	dicevi	opponevi
lui	aveva	era	parlava	credeva	finiva	diceva	opponeva
noi	avevamo	eravamo	parlavamo	credevamo	finivamo	dicevamo	opponevamo
voi	avevate	eravate	parlavate	credevate	finivate	dicevate	opponevate
loro	avevano	erano	parlavano	credevano	finivano	dicevano	opponevano

Notes:

• Dropping the -re suffix and adding -vo, -vi, -va, -vamo, -vate, and -vano form verbs.
• Although dire and opporre (as all the composite forms of verb porre and dire) may seem irregular, they are a part of a verb family that has stronger roots to Latin equivalents (lat. pōnere/pōnēbam and dīcere/dīcēbam). Other verbs include fare(infinitive)/faccio(present tense)/facevo(imperfect) (lat.facere/facio/faciēbam), bere/bevo/bevevo (bibere/bibo/bibēbam), trarre/traggo/traevo (trahere/traho/trahēbam), durre/duco/ducevo[obs.] (dūcere/dūco/dūcēbam) and all their composite forms..
• There is another imperfect in Italian formed by combining the imperfect of the verb stare (stavo, stavi, stava, stavamo, stavate, stavano) with the gerund. For example, "parlavo" could be said as "stavo parlando". The difference is similar to the difference between "I eat" and "I am eating" in English. However, English does not make this distinction in the imperfect.

Romanian

Conjugation of the imperfect indicative:

	cânta(re)	crede(re)	plăcea (plăcere)	dormi(re)	fi(re)
eu	cântam	credeam	plăceam	dormeam	eram
tu	cântai	credeai	plăceai	dormeai	erai
el/ea	cânta	credea	plăcea	dormea	era
noi	cântam	credeam	plăceam	dormeam	eram
voi	cântați	credeați	plăceați	dormeați	erați
ei	cântau	credeau	plăceau	dormeau	erau

Notes:

• The imperfect is formed from the short infinitive form of the verbs (without the -re suffix) combined with the -am, -ai, -a, -am, -ați, and -au endings.
• Short infinitives ending in „-a” (1st conjugation) don't double this letter: e.g. "pleca” in the first person singular is "plecam" and not "plecaam").
• Short infinitives ending in "-i" take the pattern of those ending in "-e" (e.g. dormi becomes dormeam in 1st person imperfect), while short infinitives ending in "-î" take the pattern of those ending in "-a" (e.g. hotărî becomes hotăram in 1st person imperfect).
• There is only one irregular verb in the imperfect: a fi, that is created from the radical era-, instead of fi-.

Spanish

In Spanish, the imperfect can be called the imperfecto or the copretérito. Conjugation of the imperfect indicative:

	hablar	comer	insistir	ir	ser	ver
yo	hablaba	comía	insistía	iba	era	veía
tú	hablabas	comías	insistías	ibas	eras	veías
él	hablaba	comía	insistía	iba	era	veía
nosotros	hablábamos	comíamos	insistíamos	íbamos	éramos	veíamos
vosotros	hablabais	comíais	insistíais	ibais	erais	veíais
ellos	hablaban	comían	insistían	iban	eran	veían

• There are only three irregular verbs in the imperfect: ir, ser, and ver. Historically, ir — unlike other Spanish "-ir verbs" — failed to drop the -b- of the Latin imperfect. The imperfect of ser is likewise a continuation of the Latin imperfect (of esse), with the same stem appearing in tú eres (thanks to pre-classical Latin rhotacism). And the imperfect of ver (veía etc.) was regular in Old Spanish, where the infinitive veer provided the stem ve-.
• The first person singular and third person singular forms are the same for all verbs; thus, in cases of ambiguity where context is insufficient, a pronoun or subject noun is included for the sake of clarification.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, the imperfect indicative, called "pretérito imperfeito", is quite similar to Spanish. However, it is important to remember that in the formal Portuguese (as spoken in Portugal and many former colonies in Africa), the pronouns "tu" and vós" are often replaced respectively by "você" and "vocês", and then the verb is conjugated like the third person.

	cantar	bater	partir	pôr
eu	cantava	batia	partia	punha
tu	cantavas	batias	partias	punhas
ele/ela/você	cantava	batia	partia	punha
nós	cantávamos	batíamos	partíamos	púnhamos
vós	cantáveis	batíeis	partíeis	púnheis
eles/elas/vocês	cantavam	batiam	partiam	punham

Persian

Like all other past tenses, imperfect is conjugated regularly for all verbs. Formation: [preverb] + mi- + past stem + past ending

Conjugation of the imperfect indicative

	raftan (to go)	kâr kardan (to work)
1st sg.	miraftam	kâr mikardam

Slavic languages

Most Slavic languages have lost the imperfect but it is preserved in Bulgarian and Macedonian. It is also officially retained in Serbian and Croatian but is considered old-fashioned and restricted to literature for poetic and stylistic reasons.

Turkish

Turkish has separate tenses for past continuous and imperfect. To form the past continuous tense for Turkish verbs, after removing the infinitive suffix (-mek or -mak), take the present continuous tense suffix "-yor" without personal suffixes, and add the ending for the simple past plus the appropriate personal suffix

• As -du(which has a rounded back vowel) succeeds -lar(which has an unrounded back vowel), instead of -yor(which has a rounded back vowel) when the subject is the third person plural onlar, it becomes -dı(which has an unrounded back vowel).
• If a verb ends in t, it may change into d. (Especially gitmek and etmek)
• If a verb ends in open vowels (a or e), the open vowels become closed while adding -yor (because of the closed auxiliary vowel -i-.)

  a becomes ı if the preceding vowel is unrounded, u if it is rounded (ağla -> ağlıyor, topla -> topluyor)

  e becomes i if the preceding vowel is unrounded, ü if it is rounded (bekle -> bekliyor, söyle -> söylüyor)

• If the verb ends in a consonant, the auxiliary vowel -i- must be added before -yor. It becomes -ı-, -u- or -ü- depending on the frontness and roundedness of the preceding vowel, because of the vowel harmony:

  -i if the preceding vowel is e or i(front unrounded): gel -> geliyor

  -ı if the preceding vowel is a or ı(back unrounded): bak -> bakıyor

  -u if the preceding vowel is o or u(back rounded): kork -> korkuyor

  -ü if the preceding vowel is ö or ü(front rounded): gör -> görüyor

• r of -yor may be dropped in colloquial speech.

To form the negative of the past continuous tense, the negation suffix "-ma/-me", which becomes -mi, -mı, -mu, or -mü because of the closed auxiliary vowel and the vowel harmony, must be added before -yor.

Examples:

	gelmek	gitmek	ağlamak	beklemek	toplamak	söylemek	satmak
ben	gelmiyordum	gitmiyordum	ağlamıyordum	beklemiyordum	toplamıyordum	söylemiyordum	satmıyordum
sen	gelmiyordun	gitmiyordun	ağlamıyordun	beklemiyordun	toplamıyordun	söylemiyordun	satmıyordun
o	gelmiyordu	gitmiyordu	ağlamıyordu	beklemiyordu	toplamıyordu	söylemiyordu	satmıyordu
biz	gelmiyorduk	gitmiyorduk	ağlamıyorduk	beklemiyorduk	toplamıyorduk	söylemiyorduk	satmıyorduk
siz	gelmiyordunuz	gitmiyordunuz	ağlamıyordunuz	beklemiyordunuz	toplamıyordunuz	söylemiyordunuz	satmıyordunuz
onlar	gelmiyorlardı	gitmiyorlardı	ağlamıyorlardı	beklemiyorlardı	toplamıyorlardı	söylemiyorlardı	satmıyorlardı

• The epenthetic consonant y is inserted between -mu and -du.
• As -mu and -du (which have a rounded back vowel) succeeds -lar (which has an unrounded back vowel) instead of -yor (which has a rounded back vowel) when the subject is the third person plural, onlar, they become -mı and -dı (which have an unrounded back vowel).

Semitic languages

Semitic languages, especially the ancient forms, do not make use of the imperfect (or perfect) tense with verbs. Instead, they use the imperfective and perfective aspects, respectively. Aspects are similar to tenses, but differ by requiring contextual comprehension in order to arrive at whether or not the verb indicates a completed or non-completed action.

Dravidian languages

Malayalam

In Malayalam (verbs are never conjugated for grammatical person, which is indicated by a pronoun), there are two indicative imperfects, corresponding exactly with English:

1 -ഉകയായിരുന്നു (ukayāyirunnu) endings (... was...), for example:

ഓടുകയായിരുന്നു (ōṭukayāyirunnu) ... was running

2 -ഉമായിരുന്നു (umāyirunnu) endings (... used to ...), for example:

ഓടുമായിരുന്നു (ōṭumāyirunnu) ... used to run

• To form the "was doing" imperfect, take the infinitive ending in ഉക (uka), for example ഓടുക (ōṭuka) - to run - and add the ending - യായിരുന്നു (yāyirunnu).

• To form the "used to do" imperfect, take off the ക (ka) from the end of the "uka" form and add മായിരുന്നു (māyirunnu) in its stead.

To make a verb in the imperfect negative, add അല്ല് (all) after the ഉകയ (ukaya) part of the ending for the "was doing" imperfect. For example, ഓടുകയല്ലായിരുന്നു (ōṭukayallāyirunnu) (...was not running). To do the same for the "used to do" imperfect, take off the ഉമ (uma) from the ending and add അത്തില്ല (attilla) instead. For example, ഓടത്തില്ലായിരുന്നു (ōṭattillāyirunnu) (...didn't use to run)

References

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• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Mar;229(3):277-86. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24446.
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• Design of imperfectly amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides with enhanced cell selectivity.

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• Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2014 Jan;10(1):244-57. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.043. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
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• Wale A, Miles KA, Young B, Zammit C, Williams A, Quin J, Dizdarevic S.SourceDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK, anita.wale@doctors.org.uk.
• European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging.2014 Jan;41(1):105-15. doi: 10.1007/s00259-013-2546-0. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
• PURPOSE: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has revolutionised the care of patients with thyroid nodules and is the initial investigation of choice. However, as a result of nondiagnostic (Thy1) and nonneoplastic (Thy2) specimens, it remains an imperfect sole solution with a range of sensitivities and a hi
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• Z-scan fluorescence correlation spectroscopy as a tool for diffusion measurements in planar lipid membranes.

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• Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2014;1076:617-34. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-649-8_28.
• Studies of lateral diffusion are used for the characterization of the dynamics of biological membranes. One of the techniques that can be used for this purpose is fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which belongs to the single-molecule techniques. Unfortunately, FCS measurements, when perfo
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• 氏原 圭亮,村上 友規,坂田 佳謙 [他]
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 114(86), 55-60, 2014-06-17
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• Journal of advanced computational intelligence and intelligent informatics 18(3), 280-288, 2014-05
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• The Reconsideration of the Altruistic Decision Based on the Notion of the Bounded Rationality (Preprint)

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• 情報処理学会論文誌 55(4), 2014-04-15
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Related Links

• Imperfect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The imperfect, often inaccurately called the imperfect tense in the classical grammars of several Indo-European languages, denotes a grammatical combination of past tense and imperfective aspect, and so may be more precisely called past ...

• Imperfect - French Past Tense

The French imperfect (imparfait) is a descriptive past tense which indicates an ongoing state of being or a repeated or incomplete action.

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「無気肺」「defective」「不完全」「vicious」「incomplete」
拡張検索	「imperfectly」「imperfection」「fungi imperfecti」「dentinogenesis imperfecta」

「無気肺」

　　[★]

不完全な拡張：ateles(imperfect) + ektasis(expansion)

英

atelectasis

同

肺拡張不全 pulmonary atelectasis

関

[[]]

• 幼児性無気肺

• 呼吸窮迫症

概念

• 何らかの原因により肺胞虚脱をきたした病態
• 胸部単純X写真上では肺における空気の減少により透過性の低下した像が認められる。

診断

• 打診：含気の消失による濁音。
• 胸部単純X線写真：無気肺をきたしている肺葉、肺区域の同定：肺胞内含気の低下(透過性低下、均等影)、葉間裂の移動、横隔膜の上昇、縦隔の偏位
• 気管支鏡検査：原因探索

「defective」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 欠損した、不完全な、欠く、欠陥のある

関

absent、agenesis、defect、deficiency、deficient、deficit、deletion、deletional、devoid、drawback、fault、faulty、flaw、imperfect、imperfection、imperfectly、incomplete、incompletely、lack、miss、missing、vicious

　 　 　

「不完全」

　　[★]

英

imperfection、incomplete、defective、imperfect、faulty、vicious、incompletely、imperfectly

関

欠く、欠損、ひどい、欠陥、欠陥のある、不完全型

「vicious」

　　[★]

• adj.

• ひどい、不完全な

関

defective、faulty、gross、imperfect、imperfection、imperfectly、incomplete、incompletely、terrible、violent

　

「incomplete」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 不完全な、不完全型の

関

defective、faulty、forme fruste、imperfect、imperfection、imperfectly、incompletely、vicious

　 　 　

「imperfectly」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 不完全に

関

defective、faulty、imperfect、imperfection、incomplete、incompletely、vicious

　

「imperfection」

　　[★]

• n.

• 不完全

関

defective、faulty、imperfect、imperfectly、incomplete、incompletely、vicious

　 　

「fungi imperfecti」

　　[★]

不完全菌類

• 不完全菌類

関

deuteromycete、Hyphomycetes、mitosporic fungi

「dentinogenesis imperfecta」

　　[★] 遺伝性象牙質形成不全症