WordNet

use a shift key on a keyboard; "She could not shift so all her letters are written in lower case"
the time period during which you are at work (同)work shift, duty period
the act of moving from one place to another; "his constant shifting disrupted the class" (同)shifting
an event in which something is displaced without rotation (同)displacement
a crew of workers who work for a specific period of time
change place or direction; "Shift ones position" (同)dislodge, reposition
change gears; "you have to shift when you go down a steep hill"
change in quality; "His tone shifted"
change phonetically as part of a systematic historical change; "Grimm showed how the consonants shifted"
move and exchange for another; "shift the date for our class reunion"
move from one setting or context to another; "shift the emphasis"; "shift ones attention"
continuously varying; "taffeta with shifting colors"
changing position or direction; "he drifted into the shifting crowd"; "their nervous shifting glances"; "shifty winds" (同)shifty
(of soil) unstable; "shifting sands"; "unfirm earth" (同)unfirm
any compound containing a chlorine atom
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人・場所・位置など〉‘を'『移し替える』,置き換える / …‘を'変える,取り替える / 〈自動車のギヤ〉‘を'入れ変える / (…へ)『変わる』,移る《+『to』+『名』》 / 車のギヤを変える;〈車が〉ギヤが入れ変わる・『変換』,転換;移動 / (仕事、作業の)『交替』,交替製;交替の組(人);交替時間 / (特に,自動車)変速装置 / やりくり[算段],一時しのぎの手段,便法;ずるい手段,策略 / シフトドレス(肩から腰までまっすぐした線のゆったりしたワンピース);スリップ
塩化物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/14 07:25:48」(JST)

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Chloride shift (also known as the Hamburger shift or Hamburger's phenomenon, named after Hartog Jakob Hamburger (1859–1924), Dutch physiologist) is a process which occurs in a cardiovascular system and refers to the exchange of bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and chloride (Cl^-) across the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs).^[1]

Mechanism

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated in tissues passively diffuses into the interstitial fluid, subsequently entering capillaries, and finally entering the RBCs, balancing the intracellular and extracellular CO₂ concentrations. While interstitial fluid & plasma do not contain appreciable quantities of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme which converts CO₂ to Carbonic Acid, the RBCs do and the dissolved gas is converted to this molecule, (H₂CO₃), which then spontaneously dissociates to form bicarbonate (HCO^-₃) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). More CO₂ passively diffuses into the cell in response to the fall of intracellular CO₂ to maintain equilibrium.

The blood cells are impermeable to hydrogen ions, trapping them within the cell, but are able to exchange bicarbonate ions for chloride ions across Band 3. In response to the raise in intracellular bicarbonate, this exchanger begins importing chloride to the cell and extruding bicarbonate.

The opposite process occurs when the pCO₂ falls, as when the blood passes through the lungs; CO₂a net production of carbon dioxide within the cell takes place, leading to a fall in intracellular bicarbonate concentrations. This leads to an inward movement of bicarbonate across Band 3, extruding chloride and taking bicarbonate into the cell where much of it will be converted to CO2, which can passively diffuse out to the blood^[2]

This chloride shift may also regulate the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen through the chloride ion acting as an allosteric effector.^[3]

Reaction

Reaction (as it occurs in the lung)

   PLASMA                RBC

   HCO₃^- --> --> -->    HCO₃^-
 
   Na⁺                   K⁺

   Cl^- <-- <-- <-- <--   Cl^-

Bicarbonate in the red blood cell (RBC) exchanging with chloride from plasma.

The underlying properties creating the chloride shift are the presence of carbonic anhydrase within the red blood cell but not the blood, and the permeability of the blood to bicarbonate but not to hydrogen. Exchange of bicarbonate for chloride ions across the erythrocyte cell membrane maintains the electrical neutrality of the cell. Bicarbonate moves against its concentration gradient: erythrocyte [HCO3] is about 15 mmol/L; plasma [HCO3] is about 24 mmol/L. Chloride moves down its concentration gradient. This active transport is facilitated by the Band 3 anion exchanger protein.

References

^ Crandall ED, Mathew SJ, Fleischer RS, Winter HI, Bidani A (1981). "Effects of inhibition of RBC HCO₃^-/Cl^- exchange on CO2 excretion and downstream pH disequilibrium in isolated rat lungs". J. Clin. Invest. 68 (4): 853–62. doi:10.1172/JCI110340. PMC 370872. PMID 6793631. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370872/.
^ Westen EA, Prange HD (2003). "A reexamination of the mechanisms underlying the arteriovenous chloride shift". Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 76 (5): 603–14. doi:10.1086/380208. PMID 14671708.
^ Nigen AM, Manning JM, Alben JO (25 June 1980). "Oxygen-linked binding sites for inorganic anions to hemoglobin". J. Biol. Chem. 255 (12): 5525–9. PMID 7380825. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/255/12/5525.

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Japanese Journal

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NAID 110009662026

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