central nervous system stimulants

同

nonspecific

同

nonspecific

同

nonspecific

WordNet

1. not caused by a specific agent; used also of staining in making microscope slides; "nonspecific enteritis"
2. (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
3. instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
4. a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
5. a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
6. a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
7. a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
8. the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
9. in or near a center or constituting a center; the inner area; "a central position"
10. a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication (同)telephone exchange, exchange
11. easily agitated; "a nervous addict"; "a nervous thoroughbred"
12. of or relating to the nervous system; "nervous disease"; "neural disorder" (同)neural
13. that stimulates; "stimulant phenomena" (同)stimulating
14. a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process (同)stimulant_drug, excitant

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
2. 『中心の』,中央の,中心からの / 『主要な』,中心的な(main) / (音声が)中舌音の / 電話交換局(《英》[telephone]exchange)
3. 『神経の』 / 『神経質な』,神経過敏な / 『心配な』,不安な
4. 刺激[するもの] / 興奮性飲食物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/16 23:08:12」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Ritalin Slow-Release (SR) 20 mg tablets.

Stimulants (also referred to as psychostimulants) are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Depressants or "downers", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances of recreational use or abuse.

Effects

Stimulants produce a variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects, which vary depending on the substance in question, may include enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, increased arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep. Many stimulants are also capable of improving mood and relieving anxiety, and some can even induce feelings of euphoria. It should be noted, however, that many of these drugs are also capable of causing anxiety and heart failure, even the ones that may paradoxically reduce it to a degree at the same time. Stimulants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and/or dopamine activity (e.g., via monoamine transporter inhibition or reversal), adenosine receptor antagonism, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism.

Indications

Stimulants are used both individually and clinically for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of a number of indications, including the following:

• To counteract lethargy and fatigue throughout the day while at work or while doing other activities.
• To reduce sleepiness and to keep the person awake when necessary, as well as to treat narcolepsy.
• To decrease appetite and promote weight loss, as well as to treat obesity.
• To improve concentration and focus while at work or school, especially for those with attentional disorders such as ADHD.
• Occasionally, they are also used off label to treat clinical depression, more particularly, non-typical depression and treatment-resistant depression.

Types

Xanthines

Main article: Xanthine

Theobromine

Main article: Theobromine

Theophylline

Main article: Theophylline

Caffeine

Roasted coffee beans, a common source of caffeine.

Main article: Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant compound that is found naturally in coffee, tea, and to a lesser degree, in cocoa or chocolate. It is included in many soft drinks, as well as a larger amount in energy drinks. Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most common stimulant. The vast majority (over 85%) of people in the United States consume caffeine on a daily basis.^{[citation needed]} Few jurisdictions restrict its sale and use. Caffeine is also included in some medications, usually for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the primary ingredient, or reducing one of its side effects (especially drowsiness). Tablets containing standardized doses of caffeine are also widely available.

Methylhexanamine

Main article: Methylhexanamine

Nicotine

Main article: Nicotine

Nicotine is the active chemical constituent in tobacco, which is available in many forms, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and smoking cessation aids such as nicotine patches, nicotine gum and electronic cigarettes. Nicotine is used widely throughout the world for its stimulating effects.

Amphetamines and related substances

Main article: Amphetamine

A chart comparing the chemical structures of different amphetamine derivatives

Amphetamines are a group of phenylethylamine stimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine. Like NDRIs, amphetamine increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain via reuptake inhibition; however, the more important mechanism by which amphetamines cause stimulation is through the direct release of these catecholamines from storage vesicles in cells. Amphetamines are known to cause elevated mood and euphoria as well as rebound depression and anxiety.

Amphetamines are often used for their therapeutic effects; physicians occasionally prescribe amphetamines to treat major depression, where subjects do not respond well to traditional SSRI medications, and numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of drugs such as Adderall in controlling symptoms associated with ADD/ADHD. Due to their availability and fast-acting effects, amphetamines are prime candidates for abuse.

Pseudoephedrine

Main article: Pseudoephedrine

Ephedrine

Main article: Ephedrine

Norephedrine

Main article: Norephedrine

Norpseudoephedrine

Main article: Norpseudoephedrine

L-Norpseudoephedrine

Main article: L-Norpseudoephedrine

Levoamphetamine (contained in "Adderall")

Main article: Levoamphetamine

Dextroamphetamine ("Dexedrine", contained in "Adderall")

Main article: Dextroamphetamine

Lisdexamfetamine ("Vyvanse")

Main article: Lisdexamfetamine

Methamphetamines

Main article: Methamphetamine

Levomethamphetamine

Main article: Levomethamphetamine

Dextromethamphetamine

Main article: Dextromethamphetamine

Pemoline

Main article: Pemoline

MDA

Main article: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

MDA differs from most stimulants in that its primary pharmacological effect is on the neurotransmitter serotonin rather than dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. Because of this, it is considered to be primarily an entactogen or an empathogen.

MDMA

Illicit tablets containing MDMA

Main article: MDMA

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known by its common street name "Ecstasy", is an illicit substance that typically comes in either tablet, capsule, or powder/crystal form. It had a medical application as a treatment for depression until 1985 when the DEA placed MDMA into Schedule I, prohibiting most medical studies and applications. Notably, MDMA is also unique and very popular for its entactogenic properties. The stimulant effects of MDMA include hypertension, anorexia (appetite loss), euphoria, social disinhibition, insomnia (or enhanced wakefulness), improved energy, increased arousal, and increased perspiration, among others.

MDMA differs from most stimulants in that its primary pharmacological effect is on the neurotransmitter serotonin rather than dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. Because of this, it is considered to be primarily an entactogen or an empathogen.

Phentermine

Main article: Phentermine

Pentorex

Main article: Pentorex

Catha edulis (Khat)

Main article: Khat

Cathine

Main article: Cathine

Cathinone

Main article: Cathinone

Methcathinone aka ephedrone

Main article: Methcathinone

Mephedrone

Main article: Mephedrone

Fencamfamine

Main article: Fencamfamine

NDRAs

Fenozolone

Main article: Fenozolone

NRIs, NDRIs, and SNDRIs

Main article: Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Main article: Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor

These drugs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or dopamine, resulting in increased extracellular levels and therefore enhanced neurotransmission, ultimately producing a stimulant effect. Many of these compounds are used as ADHD medications and antidepressants. The best-known NDRI is bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban), and the two best-known NRIs are atomoxetine (Strattera) and reboxetine (Edronax). Many of these drugs have a considerably lower abuse potential in comparison to other stimulants like the amphetamines and cocaine.

Cocaine

Main article: Cocaine

Cocaine is an SNDRI. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub, which grows in the mountain regions of South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. In Europe, North America, and in some parts of Asia, the most common form of cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, particularly in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its abuse potential is high, and so its sale and possession are strictly controlled in most jurisdictions. Other tropane derivative drugs related to cocaine are also known such as troparil and lometopane but have not been widely sold or used recreationally.

Nocaine

Main article: Nocaine

Norcocaine

Main article: Norocaine

RTI-31

Main article: RTI-31

Bupropion

Main Article: Bupropion

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

Main article: Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

It should be noted that, in the famous case of a man eating another man's face while supposedly on 'bath salts', these reports were based on the speculation of police officers, and detailed investigation suggested that MDPV was not involved in the attack.^{[citation needed]}

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, or Methylin) is a drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and narcolepsy. It belongs to the piperidine class of compounds and increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain through reuptake inhibition of the monoamine transporters. It also increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. MPH possesses structural similarities to amphetamine, and, though it is less potent, its pharmacological effects are even more closely related to those of cocaine.

Dexmethylphenidate

Main article: Dexmethylphenidate

Atomoxetine

Main article: Atomoxetine

Fenetylline

Fenetylline is a prodrug of both Theophyline and Amphetamine.

Eugeroics

Main article: Eugeroics

Modafinil

Main article: Modafinil

Modafinil (Provigil/Alertec/Modavigil) is an analeptic drug approved by the (FDA) for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea.

Modafinil, like other stimulants, increases the release of monoamines but also elevates hypothalamic histamine levels, leading some researchers to consider Modafinil a "wakefulness promoting agent" rather than a classic amphetamine-like stimulant.

Modafinil has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, cocaine addiction, Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia, shift workers' sleep disorder and disease-related fatigue.

Adrafinil

Main article: Adrafinil

Adrafinil is the prodrug of Modafinil, and is metabolized into it in about one hour, when taken on an empty stomach.

Armodafinil

Main article: Armodafinil

Armodafinil is a new version of Modafinil with a much longer half life.

CRL-40,941

Main article: CRL-40,941

JZ-IV-10

Main article: JZ-IV-10

JZ-IV-10 is also an SNDRI.

Orexin

Main article: Orexin

Ampakines

Main article: Ampakine

Recently, there have been improvements in the area of stimulant pharmacology, producing a class of chemicals known as ampakines, or eugeroics, (good arousal). These stimulants tend to increase alertness without the peripheral (body) effects or addiction/tolerance/abuse potential of the traditional stimulants. They have minimal effect on sleep structure, and do not cause rebound hypersomnolence or "come down" effects. Ampakines such as ampalex and CX717 have been developed but are still in clinical trials and have not yet been sold commercially. Another compound with similar effects to these drugs is carphedon, which is sold as a general stimulant in Russia under the brand name Phenotropil.

Yohimbine

Main article: Yohimbine

Yohimbine is a psychoactive drug of the tryptamine chemical class with stimulant and aphrodisiac effects. Yohimbine is sometimes used to remedy Type-2 Diabetes in animals and humans that carry the polymorphisms of the α2A-adrenergic receptor gene.

Dopamine precursors

Unlike amphetamines, and other substances which are dopamine agonists, which either stimulate the release or inhibit the reuptake of dopamine or norepinephrine (which itself is synthesized from dopamine, typically with the help of the amino acid SAM-e, also available as a supplement), dopamine precursors are used by the body in the manufacturing of dopamine.

L-Dopa

Main article: L-DOPA

L-Dopa can cross the blood-brain barrier, and can be converted by the body into dopamine.

L-Tyrosine

See also: Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is the precursor that is 'closest' to being dopamine among those supplements legally available without prescription in most jurisdictions. It cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, but is converted by the body into L-Dopa, which can. Tyrosine must be taken on an empty stomach and the dosages recommended by most supplement companies may not be sufficient for a noticeable effect.

Phenylalanine

Main article: Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine is 'one step back' from L-Tyrosine--it must be converted into Tyrosine before the Tyrosine can be converted into L-Dopa, which in turn becomes dopamine.

H3 antagonists

Main article: H3_antagonist

Abuse

Abuse of central nervous system stimulants is common. Addiction to some CNS stimulants can quickly lead to medical, psychiatric and psychosocial deterioration. Drug tolerance, dependence, sensitization as well as a withdrawal syndrome can occur.

Testing

The presence of stimulants in the body may be tested by a variety of procedures. Serum and urine are the common sources of testing material although saliva is sometimes used. Commonly used tests include chromatography, immunologic assay and mass spectrometry. Patients taking ADHD-prescribed, Adderall-type amphetamine compounds are commonly surprised upon being tested as "positive" for "meth", or methamphetamine (Desoxyn its licit, FDA-licensed, medicinal form) in forensically unsophisticated urinalysis, as methamphetamine is the active ingredient of the drug Desoxyn, and is chemically similar to the active ingredients of other ADHD medications.

See also

• Depressants
• Hallucinogens
• Antipsychotics

References

External links

• Long Island Council on Alcohol & Drug Dependence - About Drugs - Stimulants
• Online - Publications - Drugs of Abuse - Stimulants
• Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre (APAIC)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児および思春期における注意欠陥多動性障害治療薬の薬理学 pharmacology of drugs used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
• 2. アンフェタミンおよび合成カチノン（「バスソルト」）による急性中毒 acute amphetamine and synthetic cathinone bath salt intoxication
• 3. メタンフェタミン使用障害：疫学、臨床症状、経過、評価、および診断 methamphetamine use disorder epidemiology clinical manifestations course assessment and diagnosis
• 4. 睡眠の質および睡眠の構造に対する薬剤の効果 the effects of medications on sleep quality and sleep architecture
• 5. 成人における単極性うつ病：経頭蓋磁気刺激（TMS）による治療 unipolar depression in adults treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation tms

English Journal

• Caffeine in floral nectar enhances a pollinator's memory of reward.

• Wright GA, Baker DD, Palmer MJ, Stabler D, Mustard JA, Power EF, Borland AM, Stevenson PC.SourceCentre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. jeri.wright@ncl.ac.uk
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1202-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1228806.
• Plant defense compounds occur in floral nectar, but their ecological role is not well understood. We provide evidence that plant compounds pharmacologically alter pollinator behavior by enhancing their memory of reward. Honeybees rewarded with caffeine, which occurs naturally in nectar of Coffea and
• PMID 23471406

• Neuroscience. Caffeine boosts bees' memories.

• Chittka L, Peng F.SourcePsychology Division, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. l.chittka@qmul.ac.uk
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1157-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1234411.
• PMID 23471393

• Haplotypes in the 5'-untranslated region of the CYP1A2 gene are inversely associated with lung cancer risk but do not correlate with caffeine metabolism.

• Gervasini G, Ghotbi R, Aklillu E, San Jose C, Cabanillas A, Kishikawa J, Benitez J, Carrillo JA.SourceDepartment of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain. ggervasi@unex.es
• Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.Environ Mol Mutagen.2013 Mar;54(2):124-32. doi: 10.1002/em.21747. Epub 2012 Nov 9.
• In this study, we analyzed the influence of CYP1A2 genetic variation and enzyme activity on lung cancer risk in a high-incidence area. A total of 95 lung cancer patients and 196 controls were genotyped for the -3860G/A, -3113A/G, -2467T/delT, -739T/G, and -163C/A polymorphisms in the 5'-untranslated
• PMID 23138776

Japanese Journal

• Inhibitory Effects of Ginseng Total Saponins on Behavioral Sensitization and Dopamine Release Induced by Cocaine(Pharmacology)

• LEE BomBi,YANG Chae Ha,HAHM Dae-Hyun,LEE Hye-Jung,HAN Seung-Moo,KIM Kyung-Soo,SHIM Insop
• Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 31(3), 436-441, 2008-03-01
• … Many studies have suggested that the behavioral and reinforcing effects of cocaine can be mediated by the central dopaminergic systems. … Several studies have shown that behavioral activation and changes in extracellular dopamine levels in the central nervous system induced by psychomotor stimulants are prevented by ginseng total saponins (GTS). …
• NAID 110006623070

• Salivary Secretions : Narcolepsy and Central Nervous System Stimulants

• NORDGARDEN H.,LAMKIN M.,OPPENHEIM F. G.,STORHAUG K.,JENSEN J. L.
• Journal of dental research 77(10), 1817-1822, 1998-10-01
• NAID 10011489136

Related Links

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Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are medicines that speed up physical and mental processes. Purpose. Central nervous system stimulants are used to treat conditions characterized by lack of adrenergic stimulation, including ...

• CNS stimulants | Drugs.com

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「nervous」「central」「stimulant」「system」

「nervous」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 神経の、心配な、神経質な

関

anxiety、anxious、anxiously、care、concern、fear、nerve、nervi、nervousness、nervus、neural、neuro、neuron、neuroticism、trouble、uneasy、worrisome、worry

　 　 　

「central」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 中心の、中心的な、中心性の、中枢的な、中枢性の、中枢の、中枢神経性の

関

center、centrally、centrally acting、centre、centro、centrum、hub、medial、pivotal、pivotally

　 　 　

「stimulant」

　　[★]

• 刺激薬、刺激物質、賦活薬

関

activator、agonist、agonistic、enhancer、irritant、irritant chemical、irritants、stimulating agent

　 　 　

「system」

　　[★]

• n.

• 系、システム、体系、体制、方式

関

method、series、strain