blood cell

• 血球、血液細胞、血球細胞

関

blood corpuscle

WordNet

1. small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
2. a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
3. a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
4. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
5. any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
6. a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
7. smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
8. temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
9. people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
10. the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
2. 『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
3. 純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/20 12:45:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Red and white human blood cells as seen under a microscope using a blue slide stain

Blood components

A blood cell, also called a haematocyte, is a cell produced by haematopoiesis and normally found in blood. In mammals, these fall into three general categories:

• Red blood cells – Erythrocytes
• White blood cells – Leukocytes
• Platelets – Thrombocytes.

Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood. This volume percentage (e.g., 45%) of cells to total volume is called hematocrit, determined by centrifuge or flow cytometry. Hemoglobin (the main component of red blood cells) is an iron-containing protein that facilitates transportation of oxygen and other respiratory gases to tissues.

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Main article: Red blood cell

Red blood cells primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of hemoglobin, and have a lifetime of about 120 days. In the process of being formed they go through being a monopotent stem cell. They have the job alongside the white blood cells of protecting the healthy cells.

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

Main article: White blood cell

White blood cells are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Main article: Platelet

Platelets, or thrombocytes, very small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which derive from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. Platelets release thread-like fibers to form these clots.

If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism—or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy, which can be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding.

Platelets release a multitude of growth factors including Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemotactic agent, and TGF beta, which stimulates the deposition of extracellular matrix. Both of these growth factors have been shown to play a significant role in the repair and regeneration of connective tissues. Other healing-associated growth factors produced by platelets include basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, platelet-derived epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Local application of these factors in increased concentrations through Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used as an adjunct to wound healing for several decades.

Complete blood count

Main article: Complete blood count

A complete blood count (CBC) is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC. In the past, counting the cells in a patient's blood was performed manually, by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient's blood under a microscope. Today, this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer, with only approximately 10-20% of samples now being examined manually. Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient's general health status.

Discovery

In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries, hematology, a new field of medicine, was established. Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting

References

External links

• What is Blood? from the Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah.
• Cells of the blood

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 末梢血塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of the peripheral blood smear
• 2. 造血および幹細胞の機能の概要 overview of hematopoiesis and stem cell function
• 3. 胎児の採血 fetal blood sampling
• 4. 新生児における赤血球輸血 red blood cell transfusions in the newborn
• 5. 赤血球細胞の力学 red blood cell mechanics

English Journal

• Relevance of Spatial Heterogeneity of Immune Infiltration for Predicting Risk of Recurrence After Endocrine Therapy of ER+ Breast Cancer.

• Heindl A1, Sestak I1, Naidoo K1, Cuzick J1, Dowsett M1, Yuan Y1.
• Journal of the National Cancer Institute.J Natl Cancer Inst.2018 Feb 1;110(2). doi: 10.1093/jnci/djx137.
• PMID 28859291

• Molecular targeting of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase by FF-10501 promotes erythropoiesis via ROS/MAPK pathway.

• Ichii M1, Oritani K1, Murase M2, Komatsu K2, Yamazaki M2, Kyoden R2, Kito N2, Nozaki Y2, Saito M2, Iwamura H3, Kanakura Y1.
• Leukemia & lymphoma.Leuk Lymphoma.2018 Feb;59(2):448-459. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1339878. Epub 2017 Jul 21.
• PMID 28730859

• Prognostic impact of incomplete hematologic count recovery and minimal residual disease on outcome in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the time of second complete response.

• Saygin C1, Papadantonakis N1, Cassaday RD2, Liedtke M3, Fischer K3, Dunn T3, Patel BJ1, Sobecks R1, Kalaycio M1, Sekeres MA1, Mukherjee S1, Gerds AT1, Hamilton BK1, Carraway HE1, Advani AS1.
• Leukemia & lymphoma.Leuk Lymphoma.2018 Feb;59(2):363-371. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1344842. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
• PMID 28693363

Japanese Journal

• Low-autofluorescence fluoropolymer membrane filters for cell filtration

• Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57(6S2), 06JF03, 2018-05-24
• NAID 150000115888

• Refractory hypotension due to Nivolumab-induced adrenal insufficiency

• Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 80(2), 285-288, 2018-05
• NAID 120006469008

• In Vivo Genetic Manipulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment by Adeno-Associated Viruses

• Stem Cell
• NAID 120006454689

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血球」「blood corpuscle」「血球細胞」
拡張検索	「differential white blood cell count」「red blood cell cholinesterase」
関連記事	「cell」「blood」

「血球」

　　[★]

英

hemocyte, blood corpuscle, hematocyte

ラ

hemocytus

同

血液細胞 blood cell

関

血液

血球の割合

• 下図の値から算出。

	個数(/ul)		個数(/ul)	個数(%)
赤血球	男：500万 女：450万		5000000	95.1
白血球	5000-10000		7500	0.1
血小板	15万-35万		250000	4.8

血球	直径(μm)
前赤芽球	14～19
好塩基性赤芽球	12～17
多染性赤芽球	10～15
正染性赤芽球	8～12
赤血球	7～8.5
骨髄芽球	12～20
前骨髄球	16～23
骨髄球	12～20
後骨髄球	12～18
杆状核(好中球)	10～18
分節核(好中球)	10～16
分節核(好酸球)	13～18
分節核(好塩基球)	12～16
リンパ芽球	11～18
リンパ球	7～16
形質球	10～20
異形リンパ球	15～30
単球	13～21
巨核球(骨髄巨核球)	35～160
血小板	2～4

寿命

• 赤血球：120日
• 好中球：6-8時間
• 血小板：10日
• 形質細胞：1-3日
• メモリー細胞：数年

血球の特徴

	赤血球	単球	好酸球	好中球	好塩基球	リンパ球
大きさ	7～8μm	12～20μm	10～15μm	10～13μm	9～12μm	7～15μm
赤血球と比べた大きさ	－－－－－－	かなり大きい	2倍以上	約2倍	2倍弱	小リンパ球は同じ程度
細胞質		アズール顆粒。 広く不規則な突起	橙赤色の粗大円形顆粒	暗紫色に染まる微細な顆粒 アズール顆粒	赤紫色の大小不同の顆粒	狭く淡い青色
核		くびれ有り	2葉、眼鏡型	桿状好中球 分葉好中球	格の上にも顆粒あり	球形

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• 核小体

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• クロマチン

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• 細胞質

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• 顆粒

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「blood corpuscle」

　　[★]

• 血球

関

blood cell、haemocyte、hemocyte

「血球細胞」

　　[★]

英

blood cell

関

血液細胞

「differential white blood cell count」

　　[★]

• 白血球百分率、白血球百分率数

「red blood cell cholinesterase」

　　[★]

赤血球コリンエステラーゼ

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「blood」

　　[★] 血液