血球

関: blood cell、haemocyte、hemocyte

WordNet

smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea

PrepTutorEJDIC

『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
(血液,リンパ液中の)小球,血球 / 微粒子
純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/20 15:15:31」(JST)

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Red and white human blood cells as seen under a microscope using a blue slide stain

Blood components

Biology portal

A blood cell, also called a hematocyte, is a cell produced by hematopoiesis and normally found in blood. In mammals, these fall into three general categories:

Red blood cells – Erythrocytes
White blood cells – Leukocytes
Platelets – Thrombocytes.

Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45% of the blood tissue by volume, with the remaining 55% of the volume composed of plasma, the liquid component of blood.^[1] This volume percentage (e.g., 45%) of cells to total volume is called hematocrit, determined by centrifuge or flow cytometry. Hemoglobin (the main component of red blood cells) is an iron-containing protein that facilitates transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Red blood cells primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of hemoglobin, and have a lifetime of about 120 days. In the process of being formed they go through being a monopotent stem cell. They have the job alongside the white blood cells of protecting the healthy cells.

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

White blood cells are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Platelets, or thrombocytes or yellow blood cells, are very small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which derive from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. Platelets release thread-like fibers to form these clots.

If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism—or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy, which can be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding.

Platelets release a multitude of growth factors including Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemotactic agent, and TGF beta, which stimulates the deposition of extracellular matrix. Both of these growth factors have been shown to play a significant role in the repair and regeneration of connective tissues. Other healing-associated growth factors produced by platelets include basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, platelet-derived epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Local application of these factors in increased concentrations through Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used as an adjunct to wound healing for several decades.

Complete blood count

A complete blood count (CBC) is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC. In the past, counting the cells in a patient's blood was performed manually, by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient's blood under a microscope. Today, this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer, with only approximately 10-20% of samples now being examined manually. Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient's general health status.

Discovery

In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries, hematology, a new field of medicine, was established. Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting ^[2]

References

^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/237.full.pdf

External links

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 新生児における赤血球輸血 red blood cell transfusions in the newborn
2. 胎児の採血 fetal blood sampling
3. 赤血球抗原および抗体 red blood cell antigens and antibodies
4. 成人における24時間携帯血圧および家庭血圧測定ならびに白衣高血圧症 ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring and white coat hypertension in adults
5. 成人における赤血球輸血：保管、専門的調整、および輸血パラメータ red blood cell transfusion in adults storage specialized modifications and infusion parameters

English Journal

Biocompatible and target specific hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles.

Yin W1, Li W2, Rubenstein DA3, Meng Y2.
Biointerphases.Biointerphases.2016 Dec 28;11(4):04B301. doi: 10.1116/1.4948265.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis is a major cause for cardiovascular diseases. Drugs that treat atherosclerosis usually act nonspecifically. To enhance drug delivery specificity, the authors developed a hydrophobically modified glycol chitosa
PMID 27126597

Transfusion of platelets, but not of red blood cells, is independently associated with nosocomial infections in the critically ill.

Engele LJ1, Straat M1, van Rooijen IH2, de Vooght KM3, Cremer OL4, Schultz MJ1,5, Bos LD1, Juffermans NP6,7; MARS Consortium.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0173-1. Epub 2016 Jul 19.
BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion has been associated with nosocomial infection in the critically ill patients. However, this association may be confounded by length of stay, as prolonged intensive care unit (ICU stay) increases both risk of infection and risk of transfusion. Also, it is
PMID 27436190

Knockout of interleukin-17A protects against sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.

Luo CJ1,2, Luo F1,3, Zhang L4, Xu Y1, Cai GY2, Fu B2, Feng Z2, Sun XF2, Chen XM5.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0157-1. Epub 2016 Jun 22.
BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is an independent risk factor for death in patients with sepsis, but treatment for it is limited. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of SA-AKI, we must first understand its pathogenesis. Recently, interleukin (IL)-17A has been shown to b
PMID 27334720

Japanese Journal

体外循環を用いた心臟大血管手術前後における重症度・臓器障害の変化

二藤部英治,三木隆弘,岡本一彦,古川エミ,江口友英
体外循環技術 = The journal of extra-corporeal technology 38(4), 512-516, 2011-12-01
NAID 10030358608

液体と同比重の球形粒子を含む固液二相流の分岐による濃度低下現象(流体工学,流体機械)

岩永正裕
日本機械学會論文集. B編 74(745), 1951-1959, 2008-09-25
… One of the reasons why red blood corpuscles of mammals evolved into a flexible doughnut shape was considered. … The shape would reduce the effects of these phenomena, and it would increase the number of blood corpuscles in capillaries. …
NAID 110006950959

かくはん容器から流出する固液二相流体の体積濃度 : 液体と同比重の球形粒子を含む場合(流体工学,流体機械)

岩永正裕,中島伸治
日本機械学會論文集. B編 74(739), 583-592, 2008-03-25
… For example the flat shape of red blood corpuscle would contribute to reduce the effects of these phenomena and to increase the number of them in capillaries. …
NAID 110006643550

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血球」「blood cell」「hemocyte」「haemocyte」
関連記事	「corpuscle」「blood」

「血球」

　　[★]

英: hemocyte, blood corpuscle, hematocyte
ラ: hemocytus
同: 血液細胞 blood cell
関: 血液

血球の割合

下図の値から算出。

	個数(/ul)	個数(/ul)	個数(%)
赤血球	男：500万女：450万	5000000	95.1
白血球	5000-10000	7500	0.1
血小板	15万-35万	250000	4.8

血球	直径(μm)
前赤芽球	14～19
好塩基性赤芽球	12～17
多染性赤芽球	10～15
正染性赤芽球	8～12
赤血球	7～8.5
骨髄芽球	12～20
前骨髄球	16～23
骨髄球	12～20
後骨髄球	12～18
杆状核(好中球)	10～18
分節核(好中球)	10～16
分節核(好酸球)	13～18
分節核(好塩基球)	12～16
リンパ芽球	11～18
リンパ球	7～16
形質球	10～20
異形リンパ球	15～30
単球	13～21
巨核球(骨髄巨核球)	35～160
血小板	2～4

寿命

赤血球：120日
好中球：6-8時間
血小板：10日
形質細胞：1-3日
メモリー細胞：数年

血球の特徴


	赤血球	単球	好酸球	好中球	好塩基球	リンパ球
大きさ	7～8μm	12～20μm	10～15μm	10～13μm	9～12μm	7～15μm
赤血球と比べた大きさ	－－－－－－	かなり大きい	2倍以上	約2倍	2倍弱	小リンパ球は同じ程度
細胞質		アズール顆粒。広く不規則な突起	橙赤色の粗大円形顆粒	暗紫色に染まる微細な顆粒アズール顆粒	赤紫色の大小不同の顆粒	狭く淡い青色
核		くびれ有り	2葉、眼鏡型	桿状好中球分葉好中球	格の上にも顆粒あり	球形