WordNet

any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water; "bases include oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonia" (同)alkali
(numeration system) the positive integer that is equivalent to one in the next higher counting place; "10 is the radix of the decimal system" (同)radix
the bottom side of a geometric figure from which the altitude can be constructed; "the base of the triangle"
situate as a center of operations; "we will base this project in the new lab"
a place that the runner must touch before scoring; "he scrambled to get back to the bag" (同)bag
installation from which a military force initiates operations; "the attack wiped out our forward bases" (同)base of operations
a support or foundation; "the base of the lamp" (同)pedestal, stand
(electronics) the part of a transistor that separates the emitter from the collector
a flat bottom on which something is intended to sit; "a tub should sit on its own base"
the principal ingredient of a mixture; "glycerinated gelatin is used as a base for many ointments"; "he told the painter that he wanted a yellow base with just a hint of green"; "everything she cooked seemed to have rice as the base"
the place where you are stationed and from which missions start and end (同)home
(anatomy) the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; "the base of the skull"
the bottom or lowest part; "the base of the mountain"
illegitimate (同)baseborn
of low birth or station (`base is archaic in this sense); "baseborn wretches with dirty faces"; "of humble (or lowly) birth" (同)baseborn, humble, lowly
not adhering to ethical or moral principles; "base and unpatriotic motives"; "a base, degrading way of life"; "cheating is dishonorable"; "they considered colonialism immoral"; "unethical practices in handling public funds" (同)immoral
having or showing an ignoble lack of honor or morality; "that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble"- Edmund Burke; "taking a mean advantage"; "chokd with ambition of the meaner sort"- Shakespeare; "something essentially vulgar and meanspirited in politics" (同)mean, meanspirited
(used of metals) consisting of or alloyed with inferior metal; "base coins of aluminum"; "a base metal"
debased; not genuine; "an attempt to eliminate the base coinage"
form a pair or pairs; "The two old friends paired off" (同)pair off, partner off, couple
a set of two similar things considered as a unit (同)brace
a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value
two people considered as a unit
arrange in pairs; "Pair these numbers" (同)geminate
occur in pairs (同)geminate
having a base; "firmly based ice"
having a base of operations (often used as a combining form); "a locally based business"; "an Atlanta-based company"; "carrier-based planes"
the act of grouping things or people in pairs
mated sexually

PrepTutorEJDIC

《文》(人や人の行動・孝えが)『卑しい』,下劣な / (金属が)質の劣った;(貨幣が)粗悪な
『基礎』,根拠 / 『基部』,基底,土台 / 『根拠地』,基地 / (野球の)塁,ベース / 主成分;塩基(酸と反応シテ塩(官)を生じる化合物) / (数学で図形の)底;底辺;基線 / (…に)…‘の'『基礎をおく』《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
(二つで一つに用いられる物の)『組』,『対』《+『of』+『名』》 / (対になる部分からなる物の)『1個』《+『of』+『名』》 / 《集合的に》《複数扱い》夫婦,婚約中の男女;(動物の)つがい《+『of』+『名』》 / 《集合的に》《複数扱い》(同種または何かの関係のある物の)二人(二つ,2頭など)の組《+『of』+『名』》 / …‘を'二人(2個)ずつ組にする《+『名』+『off』(『up』),+『off』(『up』)+『名』》,(…と)…‘を'組にする《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…と)…‘を'結婚させる《+『名』+[『up』]『with』+『名』》 / 二人(2個)ずつ組になる《+『off』(『up』)》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/09 03:13:57」(JST)

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Base pairs are the building blocks of the DNA double helix, and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is independent of its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double-stranded DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provide the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA, and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes.

Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (G-C and A-U) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g. G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-paring between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins.

The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non-coding single-stranded regions of telomeres). The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion base pairs long and to contain 20,000–25,000 distinct genes.^[1]^[2]^[3] A kilobase (kb) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA.^[4]

Hydrogen bonding and stability[edit source | edit]

A GC base pair demonstrating three intermolecular hydrogen bonds

An AT base pair demonstrating two intermolecular hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content, but, contrary to popular belief, the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly, and stabilization is mainly due to stacking interactions.^[5]

The larger nucleobases, adenine and guanine, are members of a class of double-ringed chemical structures called purines; the smaller nucleobases, cytosine and thymine (and uracil), are members of a class of single-ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines. Purines are complementary only with pyrimidines: pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too far apart for hydrogen bonding to be established; purine-purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close, leading to overlap repulsion. Purine-pyrimidine base pairing of AT or GC results in proper duplex structure. The only other purine-pyrimidine pairings would be AC and GT and UA (in RNA); these pairings are mismatches because the pattern of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair).

Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. Higher GC content results in higher melting temperatures; it is, therefore, unsurprising that the genomes of extremophile organisms such as Thermus thermophilus are particularly GC-rich. On the converse, regions of a genome that need to separate frequently — for example, the promoter regions for often-transcribed genes — are comparatively GC-poor (for example, see TATA box). GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions.

Base stacking[edit source | edit]

Base stacking interactions in DNA and RNA are due to dispersion attraction, short-range exchange repulsion, and electrostatic interactions, which also contribute to stability.^[6] Again, GC stacking interactions with adjacent bases tend to be more favorable. (Note, however, that a GC stacking interaction with the next base pair is geometrically different from a CG interaction.) Base stacking effects are especially important in the secondary structure and tertiary structure of RNA; for example, RNA stem-loop structures are stabilized by base stacking in the loop region.

Base analogs and intercalators[edit source | edit]

Main article: Nucleic acid analogues

Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors (mostly point mutations) in DNA replication and DNA transcription. This is due to their isosteric chemistry. One common mutagenic base analog is 5-bromouracil, which resembles thymine but can base-pair to guanine in its enol form.

Other chemicals, known as DNA intercalators, fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by "masquerading" as a base, causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site. Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens. Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine.

Examples[edit source | edit]

The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. By convention, the top strand is written from the 5' end to the 3' end; thus, the bottom strand is written 3' to 5'.

A base-paired DNA sequence:

ATCGATTGAGCTCTAGCG

TAGCTAACTCGAGATCGC

The corresponding RNA sequence, in which uracil is substituted for thymine where uracil takes its place in the RNA strand:

AUCGAUUGAGCUCUAGCG

UAGCUAACUCGAGAUCGC

Length measurements[edit source | edit]

The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D/RNA molecule:

bp = base pair(s)—one bp corresponds to approximately 3.4 Å (340 pm) of length along the strand
kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp
Mb = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp
Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp.

For case of single-stranded DNA/RNA units of nucleotides are used, abbreviated nt (or knt, Mnt, Gnt), as they are not paired. For distinction between units of computer storage and bases kbp, Mbp, Gbp, etc. may be used for base pairs.

The Centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome, but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely. In the Human genome, the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs.^[7]^[8]

References[edit source | edit]

^ Moran, Laurence A. (2011-03-24). "The total size of the human genome is very likely to be ~3,200 Mb". Sandwalk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ "The finished length of the human genome is 2.86 Gb". Strategicgenomics.com. 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature 431 (7011): 931–45. doi:10.1038/nature03001. PMID 15496913.
^ Andrew F. Cockburn, Mary Jane Newkirk, Richard A. Firtel, Cell, Volume 9, Issue 4, Part 1, December 1976, Pages 605-613, ISSN 0092-8674, doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90043-X.
^ Peter Yakovchuk, Ekaterina Protozanova and Maxim D. Frank-Kamenetskii. Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix. Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34(2):564-574.
^ Jiří Šponer, Jerzy Leszczyński, and Pavel Hobza (1996). "Nature of Nucleic Acid−Base Stacking: Nonempirical ab Initio and Empirical Potential Characterization of 10 Stacked Base Dimers. Comparison of Stacked and H-Bonded Base Pairs". Journal of Physical Chemistry 100 (13): 5590–5596. doi:10.1021/jp953306e.
^ "NIH ORDR - Glossary - C". Rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
^ Matthew P Scott, Paul Matsudaira, Harvey Lodish, James Darnell, Lawrence Zipursky, Chris A Kaiser, Arnold Berk, Monty Krieger (2004). Molecular Cell Biology, Fifth Edition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. p. 396. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3. "...in humans 1 centimorgan on average represents a distance of about 7.5x10⁵ base pairs."

External links[edit source | edit]

DAN—webserver version of the EMBOSS tool for calculating melting temperatures

UpToDate Contents

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1. 胎児の酸塩基の生理学 fetal acid base physiology
2. 臍帯血酸塩基分析 umbilical cord blood acid base analysis
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4. 酸塩基障害におけるカリウムバランス potassium balance in acid base disorders
5. 遺伝的変異の概要 overview of genetic variation

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