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a unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/23 02:37:52」(JST)

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In mathematical numeral systems, the radix or base is the number of unique digits, including zero, used to represent numbers in a positional numeral system. For example, for the decimal system (the most common system in use today) the radix is ten, because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9.

In any positional numeral system (except unary, where the radix is 1), the number x and its base y are conventionally written as although for base ten the subscript is usually assumed and not written, as it is the most common way to express value. For example, (in the decimal system) represents the number one hundred, whilst (in the binary system with base 2) represents the number four.^[1]

Etymology

Radix is a Latin word for "root". Root can be considered a synonym for base in the arithmetical sense.

In numeral systems

In the system with radix 13, for example, a string of digits such as 398 denotes the decimal number .

More generally, in a system with radix b (b > 1), a string of digits denotes the decimal number , where .^[1]

Commonly used numeral systems include:

Base/Radix	Name	Description
10	decimal system	the most used system of numbers in the world, is used in arithmetic. Its ten digits are "0–9". Used in most mechanical counters.
12	duodecimal (dozenal) system	is often used due to divisibility by 2, 3, 4 and 6. It was traditionally used as part of quantities expressed in dozens and grosses.
2	binary numeral system	used internally by nearly all computers, is base two. The two digits are "0" and "1", expressed from switches displaying OFF and ON respectively. Used in most electric counters.
16	hexadecimal system	is often used in computing. The sixteen digits are "0–9" followed by "A–F".
8	octal system	is occasionally used in computing. The eight digits are "0–7".
60	sexagesimal system	originated in ancient Sumeria and passed to the Babylonians.^[2] Used nowadays as the basis of our modern circular coordinate system (degrees, minutes, and seconds) and time measuring (hours, minutes, and seconds).
64	MIME Base64	is also used in computing, using as digits "A–Z", "a–z", "0–9", plus two more characters, often "+" and "/".^[3]^[4]
85	PostScript Ascii85	used in computing to encode sequences of bits as base 85 numbers
256	byte	is used internally by computers, actually grouping eight binary digits together. For reading by humans, a byte is usually shown as a pair of hexadecimal digits.^[5]

For a complete list, see List of numeral systems.

The octal, hexadecimal and base-64 systems are often used in computing because of their ease as shorthand for binary. For example, every hexadecimal digit has an equivalent 4 digit binary number.

Radices are usually natural numbers. However, other positional systems are possible, e.g. golden ratio base (whose radix is a non-integer algebraic number),^[6] and negative base (whose radix is negative).^[7]

External links

Look up radix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Base Convert, a floating-point base calculator
MathWorld entry on base

References

^ ^a ^b M. Morris Mano and Charles Kime (2014). Logic and computer design fundamentals. (4th ed. ed.). Harlow: Pearson. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-292-02468-4.
^ Bertman, Stephen (2005). Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia (Paperback edition ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-019-518364-1.
^ The Base16,Base32,and Base64 Data Encodings. IETF. October 2006. RFC 4648. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
^ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions: (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies. IETF. November 1996. RFC 2045. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
^ Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian; Kingsley-Hughes, Kathie (2005), Beginning Programming, John Wiley & Sons, p. 56, ISBN 9780764597480 .
^ Bergman, George (1957). "A Number System with an Irrational Base". Mathematics Magazine 31 (2): 98–110. doi:10.2307/3029218. JSTOR 3029218.
^ William J. Gilbert (September 1979). "Negative Based Number Systems". Mathematics Magazine 52 (4): 240–244. Retrieved 7 February 2015.

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー性鼻炎および結膜炎に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis

English Journal

The role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration.

Uarrota VG1, Moresco R2, Schmidt EC3, Bouzon ZL3, da Costa Nunes E4, de Oliveira Neubert E4, Peruch LA4, Rocha M5, Maraschin M2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 15;197(Pt A):737-46. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.025. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
This study aimed to investigate the role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), polysaccharides, and protein contents associated with the early events of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava roots. Increases in APX and GPX activity, as well as total protein con
PMID 26617011

Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by Sinapis arvensis and Rapistrum rugosum.

Saghi A1, Rashed Mohassel MH1, Parsa M1, Hammami H2.
International journal of phytoremediation.Int J Phytoremediation.2016 Apr 2;18(4):387-92. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1109607.
Nowadays, public concern relating to ecological deleterious effects of heavy metals is on the rise. To evaluate the potential of Rapistrum rugosum and Sinapis arvensis in lead- contaminate phytoremediate, a pot culture experiment was conducted. The pots were filled by soil treated with different rat
PMID 26552966

Effect of simulated climate warming on the morphological and physiological traits of Elsholtzia haichowensis in copper contaminated soil.

Guan M1,2, Jin Z1,2, Li J1,2, Pan X1, Wang S1,2, Li Y1,2.
International journal of phytoremediation.Int J Phytoremediation.2016 Apr 2;18(4):368-77. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1109591.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature and Cu on the morphological and physiological traits of Elsholtzia haichowensis grown in soils amended with four Cu concentrations (0, 50, 500, and 1000 mg kg(-1)) under ambient temperature and slight warming. At the same Cu concent
PMID 26516655

Japanese Journal

An Innovative Routing Scheme to Reduce Communication Delay In DMesh Networks

, , ,
IEICE Electronics Express advpub(0), 2015
… Compared to Mesh, the port number in routers of DMesh almost doubles, thus high-radix routers are required. … The ever increasing pin bandwidth enables design of high-radix routers to improve performance of the overall network. …
NAID 130005073221

Signal independent digital calibration technique for SAR ADC with one bit redundancy

,
IEICE Electronics Express 12(9), 20150068-20150068, 2015
… DAC accuracy is determined by MSB capacitors with non-binary radix, which are rounded to integer unit capacitors to get smaller mismatch. …
NAID 130005068578

Signal independent digital calibration technique for SAR ADC with one bit redundancy

,
IEICE Electronics Express advpub(0), 2015
… DAC accuracy is determined by MSB capacitors with non-binary radix, which are rounded to integer unit capacitors to get smaller mismatch. …
NAID 130005066373

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「神経根」

　　[★]

英: nerve root
ラ: radix
同: root
関: 根糸

[morris_mano_p13_14-1] M. Morris Mano and Charles Kime (2014). Logic and computer design fundamentals. (4th ed. ed.). Harlow: Pearson. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-292-02468-4.

[2] Bertman, Stephen (2005). Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia (Paperback edition ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-019-518364-1.

[3] The Base16,Base32,and Base64 Data Encodings. IETF. October 2006. RFC 4648. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648. Retrieved 2014-10-09.

[4] Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions: (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies. IETF. November 1996. RFC 2045. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045. Retrieved 2014-10-09.

[5] Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian; Kingsley-Hughes, Kathie (2005), Beginning Programming, John Wiley & Sons, p. 56, ISBN 9780764597480 .

[6] Bergman, George (1957). "A Number System with an Irrational Base". Mathematics Magazine 31 (2): 98–110. doi:10.2307/3029218. JSTOR 3029218.

[7] William J. Gilbert (September 1979). "Negative Based Number Systems". Mathematics Magazine 52 (4): 240–244. Retrieved 7 February 2015.

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