Respiratory therapist examining a mechanically ventilated patient on an Intensive Care Unit.
Artificial ventilation, also called artificial respiration is any means of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.[1][2] It may take the form of manually providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on their own,[3] or it may be mechanical ventilation involving the use of a mechanical ventilator to move air in and out of the lungs when an individual is unable to breathe on their own, for example during surgery with general anesthesia or when an individual is in a coma.
Contents
- 1 Types
- 1.1 Manual methods
- 1.2 Mechanical ventilation
- 2 History
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Types
Manual methods
Further information: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Pulmonary anton ventilation (and hence external parts of respiration) is achieved through manual insufflation of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing into the patient's lungs (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation), or by using a mechanical device to do so. This method of insufflation has been proved more effective than methods which involve mechanical manipulation of the patient's chest or arms, such as the Silvester method.[4]
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is also part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)[5][6] making it an essential skill for first aid. In some situations, mouth to mouth is also performed separately, for instance in near-drowning and opiate overdoses. The performance of mouth to mouth in its own is now limited in most protocols to health professionals, whereas lay first aiders are advised to undertake full CPR in any case where the patient is not breathing sufficiently.
Mechanical ventilation
Main article: Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing.[7] This may involve a machine called a ventilator or the breathing may be assisted by a registered nurse, physician, physician assistant, respiratory therapist, paramedic, or other suitable person compressing a bag valve mask or set of bellows. Mechanical ventilation is termed "invasive" if it involves any instrument penetrating through the mouth (such as an endotracheal tube) or the skin (such as a tracheostomy tube).[8] There are two main modes of mechanical ventilation within the two divisions: positive pressure ventilation, where air (or another gas mix) is pushed into the trachea, and negative pressure ventilation, where air is, in essence, sucked into the lungs.
Tracheal intubation is often used for short term mechanical ventilation. A tube is inserted through the nose (nasotracheal intubation) or mouth (orotracheal intubation) and advanced into the trachea. In most cases tubes with inflatable cuffs are used for protection against leakage and aspiration. Intubation with a cuffed tube is thought to provide the best protection against aspiration. Tracheal tubes inevitably cause pain and coughing. Therefore, unless a patient is unconscious or anesthetized for other reasons, sedative drugs are usually given to provide tolerance of the tube. Other disadvantages of tracheal intubation include damage to the mucosal lining of the nasopharynx or oropharynx and subglottic stenosis.
In an emergency a Cricothyrotomy can be used by health care professionals, where an airway is inserted through a surgical opening in the cricothyroid membrane. This is similar to a tracheostomy but a cricothyrotomy is reserved for emergency access. This is usually only used when there is a complete blockage of the pharynx or there is massive maxillofacial injury, preventing other adjuncts being used.[9]
History
The Greek physician Galen may have been the first to describe artificial ventilation: "If you take a dead animal and blow air through its larynx through a reed, you will fill its bronchi and watch its lungs attain the greatest distention."[10] Vesalius too describes ventilation by inserting a reed or cane into the trachea of animals.[11]
In 1773, English physician William Hawes (1736–1808) began publicizing the power of artificial ventilation to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned. For a year he paid a reward out of his own pocket to any one bringing him a body rescued from the water within a reasonable time of immersion. Thomas Cogan, another English physician, who had become interested in the same subject during a stay at Amsterdam, where was instituted in 1767 a society for preservation of life from accidents in water, joined Hawes in his crusade. In the summer of 1774 Hawes and Cogan each brought fifteen friends to a meeting at the Chapter Coffee-house, St Paul's Churchyard, where they founded the Royal Humane Society as a campaigning group for first aid and resuscitation.[citation needed] Some methods and equipment were similar to methods used today, such as wooden pipes used in the victims nostrils to blow air into the lungs. Others, bellows with a flexible tube for blowing tobacco smoke through the anus to revive vestigial life in the victim's intestines, were discontinued with the eventual further understanding of respiration.[12]
The 1856 works of English physician and physiologist Marshall Hall recommended against using any type of bellows/positive pressure ventilation, views that held sway for several decades.[13] A common method of external manual manipulation, introduced in 1858, was the "Silvester Method" invented by Dr. Henry Robert Silvester in which a patient is laid on their back and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation.
The shortcomings of manual manipulation led doctors in the 1880s to come up with improved methods of mechanical ventilation, including Dr. George Edward Fell's "Fell method" or "Fell Motor",[14] consisting of a bellows and a breathing valve to pass air through a tracheotomy, and his collaboration with Dr. Joseph O'Dwyer to invent the Fell-O'Dwyer apparatus, a bellows and instruments for the insertion and extraction of a tube down the patients trachea.[15][16] Such methods were still looked upon as harmful and were not adopted for many years.
See also
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Medical emergency
- Medical ventilator
- Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
- Charles Hederer, inventor of the pulmoventilateur
References
- ^ medilexicon.com, Definition: 'Artificial Ventilation'
- ^ Tortora, Gerard J; Derrickson, Bryan (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- ^ "Artificial Respiration". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Artificial Respiration". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation model information leafler". British Medical Association. July 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Overview of CPR". American Heart Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "What Is a Ventilator? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
- ^ GN-13: Guidance on the Risk Classification of General Medical Devices Archived May 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Revision 1.1. From Health Sciences Authority. May 2014
- ^ Carley SD, Gwinnutt C, Butler J, Sammy I, Driscoll P (March 2002). "Rapid sequence induction in the emergency department: a strategy for failure". Emergency Medicine Journal. 19 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1136/emj.19.2.109. PMC 1725832 . PMID 11904254. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
- ^ Colice, Gene L (2006). "Historical Perspective on the Development of Mechanical Ventilation". In Martin J Tobin. Principles & Practice of Mechanical Ventilation (2 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-144767-6.
- ^ Chamberlain D (2003). "Never quite there: a tale of resuscitation medicine". Clin Med. 3 (6): 573–7. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.3-6-573. PMID 14703040. [permanent dead link]
- ^ A Watery Grave- Rediscovering Ressucitation, exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu
- ^ 19th century pioneers of intensive therapy in North America. Part 1: George Edward Fell, Crit Care Resusc. 2007 Dec;9(4):377-93 abstract
- ^ Angela Keppel, Discovering Buffalo, One Street at a Time, Death by Electrocution on Fell Alley?, buffalostreets.com
- ^ STEVEN J. SOMERSON, MICHAEL R. SICILIA, Historical perspectives on the development and use of mechanical ventilation, AANA Journal February 1992/Vol.60/No.1, page 85
- ^ 19th century pioneers of intensive therapy in North America. Part 1: George Edward Fell, Crit Care Resusc. 2007 Dec;9(4):377-93 abstract
External links
- e-Medicine, article on mechanical ventilation along with technical information.
- International Ventilator Users Network (IVUN), Resource of information for users of home mechanical ventilation.
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Mechanical ventilation
|
| Fundamentals |
- Modes of mechanical ventilation
- Mechanical ventilation in emergencies
- Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation
|
| Modes |
- IMV/SIMV
- CMV
- ACV
- CSV
- PAP
- BPAP/NIV
- CPAP
- APRV
- MMV
- PAV
- ASV
- HFV
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| Related illness |
- ARDS
- Pulmonary barotrauma
- Pulmonary volutrauma
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia
- Oxygen toxicity
- Ventilator-associated lung injury
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| Pressure |
- PEEP
- FiO2
- ΔP
- PIP
- PS
- PAW
- Pplat
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| Volumes |
|
| Other |
- Cdyn
- Cstatic
- PAO2
- VD/VT
- OI
- A-a gradient
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|
Cardiopulmonary therapy
|
| Diagnostic |
- Pulmonary function testing
- Polysomnography
|
| Disease |
- Asthma
- Bronchiectasis
- COPD
- Cystic fibrosis
- Tuberculosis
- Pneumonia
|
| Therapy |
- Hyperinflation therapy
- Pulmonary hygiene
- Mechanical ventilation
- Oxygen therapy
|
| See also |
|
|
Intensive care medicine
|
- Health science
- Medicine
- Medical specialities
- Respiratory therapy
|
| General terms |
- Intensive care unit (ICU)
- Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
- Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
- Coronary care unit (CCU)
- Critical illness insurance
|
| Conditions |
| Organ system failure |
- Shock sequence
- SIRS
- Sepsis
- Severe sepsis
- Septic shock
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
- Other shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Distributive shock
- Anaphylaxis
- Obstructive shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Spinal shock
- Organ failure
- Acute renal failure
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Acute liver failure
- Respiratory failure
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
- Neonatal infection
- Polytrauma
- Coma
|
| Complications |
- Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy
- Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
- Decubitus ulcers
- Fungemia
- Stress hyperglycemia
- Stress ulcer
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| Iatrogenesis |
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Oxygen toxicity
- Refeeding syndrome
- Ventilator-associated lung injury
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia
- Dialytrauma
|
|
| Diagnosis |
- Arterial blood gas
- Catheter
- Arterial line
- Central venous catheter
- Pulmonary artery catheter
- Blood cultures
- Screening cultures
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| Life-supporting treatments |
- Airway management
- Chest tube
- Dialysis
- Enteral feeding
- Goal-directed therapy
- Induced coma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Therapeutic hypothermia
- Total parenteral nutrition
- Tracheal intubation
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| Drugs |
- Analgesics
- Antibiotics
- Antithrombotics
- Inotropes
- Intravenous fluids
- Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
- Recombinant activated protein C
- Sedatives
- Stress ulcer prevention drugs
- Vasopressors
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| ICU scoring systems |
- APACHE II
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- PIM2
- SAPS II
- SAPS III
- SOFA
|
| Physiology |
- Hemodynamics
- Hypotension
- Level of consciousness
- Acid-base imbalance
- Water-electrolyte imbalance
|
| Organisations |
- Society of Critical Care Medicine
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign
- European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
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| Related specialties |
- Anesthesia
- Cardiology
- Internal medicine
- Neurology
- Pediatrics
- Pulmonology
- Surgery
- Traumatology
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Tests, surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system (ICD-9-CM V3 21–22, 30–34, ICD-10-PCS 0B)
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| Upper RT |
- nose
- Rhinoplasty
- Septoplasty
- Alarplasty
- Rhinectomy
- Rhinomanometry
- sinus
- Sinusotomy
- larynx
- Laryngoscopy
- Laryngectomy
- Laryngotomy
- Thyrotomy
- Laryngotracheal reconstruction
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| Lower RT |
- trachea
- Cricothyrotomy
- Tracheoesophageal puncture
- Tracheotomy
- bronchus
- Bronchoscopy
- lung
- Pneumonectomy
- Lobectomy
- Wedge resection
- Lung transplantation
- Decortication of lung
- Heart-lung transplant
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Chest wall, pleura,
mediastinum, and diaphragm |
- pleura/pleural cavity
- Thoracentesis
- Pleurodesis
- Thoracoscopy
- Thoracotomy
- Chest tube
- mediastinum
- Mediastinoscopy
- Nuss procedure
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| Medical imaging |
- Bronchography
- CT pulmonary angiogram
- High-resolution computed tomography
- Spiral CT
- Ventilation/perfusion scan
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| CPRs |
- Pneumonia severity index
- CURB-65
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| Lung function test |
- Body plethysmography
- Spirometry
- Bronchial challenge test
- Capnography
- Diffusion capacity
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| Cytology |
- Sputum culture
- Bronchoalveolar lavage
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Respiratory therapy/
intubation |
- Artificial respiration
- CPR
- Hyperbaric medicine
- Decompression chamber
- Heliox
- Mechanical ventilation
- Nebulizer
- Negative pressure ventilator
- Oxygen therapy
- Positive pressure ventilation
- Postural drainage
- Surgical airway management
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