WordNet
- a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression (同)pep_pill, upper, speed
PrepTutorEJDIC
- アンフェタミン(中枢神経刺激済)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/26 17:10:03」(JST)
wiki en
- Optical isomers of amphetamine
-
D-amphetamine
-
L-amphetamine
-
-
Substituted amphetamines are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens, hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature a phenethylamine core with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon resulting in amphetamine, along with additional substitutions. Examples of amphetamines are amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone, MDMA ("Ecstasy"), and DOM ("STP").
Amphetamine derivatives occur in nature, for example in the leaves of Ephedra and khat plants. These have been used since antiquity for their pharmacological effects. Amphetamines were first produced synthetically at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s such synthetic amphetamines found use as decongestants in the symptomatic treatment of colds and also occasionally as psychoactive agents. Their effects on the central nervous system are diverse, but can be summarized by three overlapping types of activity: psychoanaleptic, hallucinogenic and empathogenic. Various amphetamines may cause these actions either separately or in combination.
Contents
- 1 List of substituted amphetamines
- 2 History
- 3 Structure
- 4 Legal status
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Bibliography
List of substituted amphetamines[edit]
Structural formula of amphetamine
| Generic or Trivial Name | Chemical Name | # of Subs | Comments | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphetamine | α-Methyl-phenethylamine | 0 | ||
| Methamphetamine | N-Methylamphetamine, (1R,2S)- | 1 | ||
| Ethylamphetamine | N-Ethylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Propylamphetamine | N-Propylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Isopropylamphetamine | N-iso-Propylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Phentermine | α-Methylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) | β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1R,2S)- | 1 | ||
| Cathine | β-Hydroxyamphetamine, (1S,2S)- | 1 | ||
| Cathinone | β-Ketoamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Ortetamine | 2-Methylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| 2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) | 2-Fluoroamphetamine | 1 | ||
| 3-Methylamphetamine (3-MA) | 3-Methylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| 3-Fluoroamphetamine (3-FA) | 3-Fluoroamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Norfenfluramine | 3-Trifluoromethylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| 4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) | 4-Methylamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA) | 4-Methoxyamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Ethoxyamphetamine | 4-Ethoxyamphetamine | 1 | ||
| 4-Methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) | 4-Methylthioamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Norpholedrine (α-Me-TRA) | 4-Hydroxyamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Bromoamphetamine (PBA, 4-BA) | 4-Bromoamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA, 4-CA) | 4-Chloroamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Fluoroamphetamine (PFA, 4-FA, 4-FMP) | 4-Fluoroamphetamine | 1 | ||
| para-Iodoamphetamine (PIA, 4-IA) | 4-Iodoamphetamine | 1 | ||
| Clobenzorex | N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine | 1 | ||
| Dimethylamphetamine | N,N-Dimethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Benzphetamine | N-Benzyl-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Selegiline | N-Methyl-N-propargylamphetamine, (R)- | 2 | ||
| Mephentermine | N-Methyl-α-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Phenpentermine | α,β-Dimethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Ephedrine (EPH) | β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, (1R,2S)- | 2 | ||
| Pseudoephedrine (PSE) | β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, (1S,2S)- | 2 | ||
| Methcathinone | β-Keto-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Ethcathinone | β-Keto-N-ethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Clortermine | 2-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Methoxymethylamphetamine (MMA) | 3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Fenfluramine | 3-Trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Dexfenfluramine | 3-Trifluoromethyl-N-ethylamphetamine, (S)- | 2 | ||
| 4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA) | 4-Methyl-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) | 4-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| para-Methoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA) | 4-Methoxy-N-ethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Pholedrine | 4-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Chlorphentermine | 4-Chloro-α-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| para-Fluoromethamphetamine (PFMA, 4-FMA) | 4-Fluoro-N-methylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Xylopropamine | 3,4-Dimethylamphetamine | 2 | ||
| α-Methyldopamine (α-Me-DA) | 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) | 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) | X,X-Dimethoxyamphetamine | 2 | ||
| Nordefrin (α-Me-NE) | β,3,4-Trihydroxyamphetamine, (R)- | 3 | ||
| Oxilofrine | β,4-Dihydroxy-N-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Aleph | 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylthioamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxychloroamphetamine (DOC) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxyfluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxyethylamphetamine (DOET) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxyfluoroamphetamine (DOF) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxyiodoamphetamine (DOI) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxymethylamphetamine (DOM) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxynitroamphetamine (DON) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxypropylamphetamine (DOPR) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethoxytrifluoromethylamphetamine (DOTFM) | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) | 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) | 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (MDOH) | 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine | 3 | ||
| 2-Methyl-MDA | 3,4-Methylenedioxy-2-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| 5-Methyl-MDA | 4,5-Methylenedioxy-3-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) | 3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) | X,X,X-Trimethoxyamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Dimethylcathinone | β-Keto-N,N-dimethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Diethylcathinone | β-Keto-N,N-diethylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Bupropion | β-Keto-3-chloro-N-tert-butylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Mephedrone (4-MMC) | β-Keto-4-methyl-N-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Methedrone (PMMC) | β-Keto-4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Brephedrone (4-BMC) | β-Keto-4-bromo-N-methylamphetamine | 3 | ||
| Flephedrone (4-FMC) | β-Keto-4-fluoro-N-methylamphetamine | 3 |
History[edit]
Although the basic compound of the class, amphetamine, was synthesized earlier, Ephedra was used 5000 years ago in China as a medicinal plant; its active ingredients are alkaloids ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) and norpseudoephedrine (cathine). Natives of Yemen and Ethiopia have a long tradition of chewing khat leaves to achieve a stimulating effect. The active substances of khat are cathinone and to a lesser extent cathine.[1]
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu and did not attract special attention.[2] MDMA was produced in 1912 (according to other sources in 1914[3]) as an intermediate product. However, this synthesis also went largely unnoticed.[4] In the 1920s, both methamphetamine and an optical isomer of amphetamine dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamines) were synthesized. This synthesis was a by-product of a search for ephedrine, a bronchodilator used to treat asthma extracted exclusively from natural sources. Over-the-counter use of amphetamines was initiated in early 1930s by the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French (now part of GlaxoSmithKline), as a medicine (Benzedrine) for colds and nasal congestion. Subsequently, amphetamine was used in the treatment of narcolepsy, obesity, hay fever, orthostatic hypotension, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, alcoholism and migraine.[2][5] The "reinforcing" effects of amphetamines were quickly discovered, and the misuse of amphetamines had been noted as far back as 1936.[5]
During World War II, amphetamines were used by the German military to keep their tank crews awake for long periods, and treat depression. It was noticed that extended rest was required after such artificially induced activity.[2]
The widespread use of amphetamines began in postwar Japan and quickly spread to other countries. Modified ("designer") amphetamines gained popularity since the 1960s, such as MDA and PMA.[5] MDMA was rediscovered and popularized by the American chemist Alexander Shulgin in 1965, after which it was used for some time in psychotherapy sessions.[4] In 1970, the United States adopted "the Controlled Substances Act" that limited non-medical use of amphetamines.[5] Street use of PMA was noted in 1972,[6] and in 1985, MDMA was banned by the US authorities in an emergency scheduling initiated by the US Drug Enforcement Agency.[7]
Since the mid-1990s, MDMA ("ecstasy") has become a popular entactogenic drug among the youth and quite often non-MDMA substances were sold as "ecstasy".[8] In the first legally sanctioned trials in the USA in over twenty years, the safety profile of MDMA has been demonstrated, and it has been shown to be a successful adjunct to psychotherapy in the management of treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of sexual abuse and sufferers of other conditions.[9]
Structure[edit]
Amphetamines are a subgroup of the substituted phenethylamine class of compounds. Substitution of hydrogen atoms results in a large class of compounds. Typical reaction is substitution by methyl and sometimes ethyl groups at the amine and phenyl sites:[10][11][12]
| Substance | Substituents | Structure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | α | β | phenyl group | |||||
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
| Amphetamine (α-methylphenylethylamine) | -CH3 | |||||||
| Methamphetamine (N-methylamphetamine) | -CH3 | -CH3 | ||||||
| Ephedrine pseudoephedrine | -CH3 | -CH3 | -OH | |||||
| Cathinone | -CH3 | =O | ||||||
| Methcathinone (ephedrone) | -CH3 | -CH3 | =O | |||||
| MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) | -CH3 | -O-CH2-O- | ||||||
| MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) | -CH3 | -CH3 | -O-CH2-O- | |||||
| MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine) | -CH2-CH3 | -CH3 | -O-CH2-O- | |||||
| EDMA (3,4-ethylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) | -CH3 | -CH3 | -O-CH2-CH2-O- | |||||
| MBDB (N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminobutane) | -CH3 | -CH2-CH3 | -O-CH2-O- | |||||
| PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | ||||||
| PMMA (para-methoxymetamphetamine) | -CH3 | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | |||||
| 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) | -CH3 | -S-CH3 | ||||||
| 3,4-DMA (3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine) | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | -O-CH3 | |||||
| 3,4,5-TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine, α-methylmescaline) | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | -O-CH3 | -O-CH3 | ||||
| DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | ||||
| DOB (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine) | -CH3 | -O-CH3 | -Br | -O-CH3 | ||||
Legal status[edit]
| Agents | Legal status by 2009.[13][14][15] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971[16] | US | Russia | |
| Amphetamine (racemic) | Schedule II | Schedule II | Schedule II |
| Dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamine) | Schedule II | Schedule II | Schedule I |
| Levamphetamine (L-amphetamine) | Schedule II | Schedule II | Schedule III |
| Methamphetamine | Schedule II | Schedule II | Schedule I |
| Cathinone Methcathinone | Schedule I | Schedule I | Schedule I |
| MDA, MDMA, MDEA | Schedule I | Schedule I | Schedule I |
| PMA | Schedule I | Schedule I | Schedule I |
| DOB, DOM, 3,4,5-TMA | Schedule I | Schedule I | Schedule I |
See also[edit]
- Substituted Phenethylamines
- Substituted Methylenedioxyphenethylamines
- Substituted cathinones
- 2Cs
- DOx
References[edit]
- ^ Paul M Dewick (2002). Medicinal Natural Products. A Biosynthetic Approach. Second Edition. Wiley. pp. 383–384. ISBN 0-471-49640-5.
- ^ a b c Snow, p. 1
- ^ A. Richard Green et al. (2003). "The Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy")". Pharmacological Reviews 55 (3): 463–508. doi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3. PMID 12869661.
- ^ a b Goldfrank, p. 1125
- ^ a b c d Goldfrank, p. 1119
- ^ Liang Han Ling et al. (2001). "Poisoning with the recreational drug paramethoxyamphetamine ("death" )". The Medical Journal of Australia 174 (9): 453–5. PMID 11386590.
- ^ Snow, p. 71
- ^ Goldfrank, p. 1121
- ^ Mithoefer M. et al. (2011). "The safety and efficacy of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study". Journal of Psychopharmacology 25 (4): 439–52. doi:10.1177/0269881110378371. PMC 3122379. PMID 20643699.
- ^ Gold frank, pp. 1125–1127
- ^ Glennon, pp. 184–187
- ^ Schatzberg, p.843
- ^ "List of psychotropic substances under international control". International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. May 2010 Edition
- ^ "DEA Drug Scheduling". U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ "Resolution of RF Government of 30 June 1998 N 681 "On approval of list of drugs psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation"". garant.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ "Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971". United Nations.
Bibliography[edit]
- Ghodse, Hamid (2002). Drugs and Addictive Behaviour. A Guide to Treatment. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. ISBN 0-511-05844-6.
- Glennon, Richard A. (2008). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment. American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58562-276-4. Unknown parameter
|part=ignored (help) - Goldfrank, Lewis R. and Flomenbaum, Neal (2006). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 8th Edition. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-147914-7.
- Katzung, Bertram G. (2009). Basic & clinical pharmacology. 11th edition. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-160405-7.
- Ledgard, Jared (2007). A Laboratory History of Narcotics. Volume 1. Amphetamines and Derivatives. Jared Ledgard. p. 268. ISBN 0-615-15694-0.
- Schatzberg, Alan F. and Nemeroff, Charles B. (2009). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. The American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58562-309-9.
- Snow, Otto (2002). Amphetamine syntheses. Thoth Press. ISBN 0-9663128-3-X.
- UNODC (2009). World Drug Report 2009. United Nations. p. 306. ISBN 978-92-1-148240-9.
- Veselovskaya NV, Kovalenko AE (2000). Drugs. Properties, effects, pharmacokinetics, metabolism. MA: Triada-X. ISBN 978-5-94497-029-9.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. アンフェタミンおよび合成カチノン（「バスソルト」）による急性中毒 acute amphetamine and synthetic cathinone bath salt intoxication
- 2. 覚せい剤中毒 methamphetamine intoxication
- 3. メタンフェタミン使用障害：疫学、臨床症状、経過、評価、および診断 methamphetamine use disorder epidemiology clinical manifestations course assessment and diagnosis
- 4. 成人の注意欠陥多動性障害（ADHD）に対する薬物療法 pharmacotherapy for adult adhd
- 5. 小児および思春期における類似麻薬の乱用 designer drugs of abuse
English Journal
- Validation of a method for the targeted analysis of 96 drugs in hair by UPLC-MS/MS.
- Montesano C, Johansen SS, Nielsen MK.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00184 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: camilla.montesano@uniroma1.it.
- Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2014 Jan;88:295-306. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.050. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
- The method presented in this study allows the screening and quantification of 96 drugs, from different groups: opiates, amphetamines, hallucinogens, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, barbiturates and other sedatives, muscle relaxants, etc. in hair. Drugs are extracted
- PMID 24095804
- Gas-Phase Separation of Drugs and Metabolites Using Modifier-Assisted Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry Hyphenated to Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis and Mass Spectrometry.
- Porta T, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G.SourceSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva , University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Analytical chemistry.Anal Chem.2013 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
- The present work describes an alternative generic approach to LC-MS for the analysis of drugs of abuse as well as their metabolites in post-mortem tissue samples. The platform integrates liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) for analytes tissue extraction followed by differential ion mobility sp
- PMID 24251629
- An insight into the hepatocellular death induced by amphetamines, individually and in combination: the involvement of necrosis and apoptosis.
- Dias da Silva D, Carmo H, Lynch A, Silva E.SourceFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal, diana.dds@gmail.com.
- Archives of toxicology.Arch Toxicol.2013 Dec;87(12):2165-85. doi: 10.1007/s00204-013-1082-9. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
- The liver is a vulnerable target for amphetamine toxicity, but the mechanisms involved in the drug's hepatotoxicity remain poorly understood. The purpose of the current research was to characterize the mode of death elicited by four amphetamines and to evaluate whether their combination triggered si
- PMID 23820845
Japanese Journal
- Emerging drugs of abuse in Taiwan, viewpoints from a clinical toxicologist
- TSAI Wei-Jen,DENG Jou-Fang
- 日本毒性学会学術年会 39.2(0), AS2-1, 2012
- … Currently in Taiwan, the illicit substances used include sedatives, hypnotics, solvents, heroin, amphetamines, and hallucinogens (MDMA, ketamine, marijuana, and LSD). … The so-called club or pub drugs include sedatives, hypnotics, solvents, cocaine, amphetamines, and hallucinogens. …
- NAID 130005009276
- Analysis of amphetamines and metabolites in urine with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- FERNANDEZ Maria del Mar Ramirez,WILLE Sarah M. R.,DI FAZIO Vincent,GOSSELIN Matthias,SAMYN Nele
- Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 878(19), 1616-1622, 2010-06-01
- NAID 10028037560
- Determination of Amphetamines in Hair by GC/MS after Small-volume Liquid Extraction and Microwave Derivatization
- Meng Pinjia,Zhu Dan,He Hongyuan [他],WANG Yanyan,GUO Fei,ZHANG Liang
- Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry 25(9), 1115-1118, 2009-09-10
- NAID 10025622726
Related Links
- amphetamines: pure, white and deadly? ... and methamphetamine (Methedrine) are collectively referred to as amphetamines. More
- Amphetamine is a stimulant and is used to trat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder. Includes amphetamine side effects, interactions and indications. ... Amphetamine side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「薬物濫用」 |
| 関連記事 | 「amphetamine」 |
「薬物濫用」
- 英
- drug abuse, substance abuse
- 同
- 薬物乱用
- 関
- 薬物依存、薬物嗜癖、物質乱用、物質依存症、薬物使用、接着剤吸引
薬物使用が身体に及ぼす効果
- 濫用 substance abuse：a pattern of abnormal substance use that leads to impairment of occupational, physical, or social functioning(BBS.73)
- 依存 substance dependence：ub stance abuse puls withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, or a pattern of repetitive use(BBS.73)
- 離脱 withdrawal：the development of physical or pschological symptoms after the reduction or cessation of intake of a substance(BBS.73)
- 耐性 tolerance：the need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same positive psychological effect(BBS.73)
- 交差耐性 cross-tolerance：the development of tolerance to one substance as the result of using another substance(BBS.73)
薬物
- 1. 中枢神経興奮薬(覚醒剤を含む) stimulants 身体依存はないとされている
- カフェイン caffeine
- ニコチン nicotine
- amphetamines 精神依存有り。身体依存無し
- アンフェタミン amphetamine 精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現
- デキストロアンフェタミン dextroamphetamine Dexedrine
- メタンフェタミン methamphetamine Desoxyn speed ice ヒロポン 精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現 ← 以前、日本で多く使われた
- メチルフェニデート methylphenidate Ritalin
- methylene dioxymethamphetamine MDMA ecstasy
- 2. sedatives
- alcohol 精神依存有り。身体依存有り。
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- ⇔flumazenil Mazicon Romazicon
- 3. opioids
- 4. hallucinogens and related agents
- cannabis(marijuana(tetrahydrocannabinol THC,hashish) 精神依存有り。身体依存無し 精神依存軽度。耐性は長期使用で軽度出現 大麻草
- lysergic acid diethylamide LSD
- phencyclidine PCP angel dust
- psilocybin
- mescaline
精神依存、身体依存
| 精神依存 | 身体依存 | |
| コカイン、アンフェタミン類(アンフェタミン、メチルフェタミン)、大麻 | ○ | |
| 麻薬(モルヒネ、ヘロイン、コデイン)、バルビツール酸系(フェノバルビタール、チオペンタール)、アルコール | ○ | ○ |