hashish

ハシシュ

　 　

WordNet

1. purified resinous extract of the hemp plant; used as a hallucinogen (同)hasheesh, haschisch, hash
2. a plant fiber

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ハシッシュ(インド大麻の花・葉から作った強力な麻酔剤,麻薬)
2. 麻,大麻(たいま) / 麻の繊維 / 麻から採れる薬品(ハッシッシなど)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/02 15:53:52」(JST)

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For the village in Iran, see Hashish, Iran.

Hashish
Hashish (shown next to a U.S. penny for scale)
Botanical name	Hashish
Source plant(s)	Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativa forma indica, Cannabis ruderalis
Part(s) of plant	trichome
Geographic origin	Central and South Asia
Active ingredients	Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin
Legal status	AU: S9 (Prohibited) CA: Schedule II DE: Anlage I (Controlled) UK: Class B US: Schedule I UN: Narcotic Schedule I

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1.5 grams pressed hashish

One gram "bubble melt" Cannabis indica hashish

Hashish, or hash, is a cannabis-family recreational drug that is consumed by oral ingestion or smoking; typically in a pipe, vaporizer or joints, where it is normally mixed with cannabis or tobacco, as pure hashish will not burn if rolled alone. Hash is an extracted cannabis product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant. It contains the same active ingredients as marijuana—such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids—but often in higher concentrations than the unsifted buds or leaves from which the marijuana is made.

Hashish may be solid or resinous depending on the preparation; pressed hashish is usually solid, whereas water-purified hashish—often called "bubble melt hash"—is often a paste-like substance with varying hardness and pliability; its color, most commonly light to dark brown, can vary from transparent to yellow, tan, black or red. This all depends on the process and amount of solvent left over.

History

The name hashish comes from the Arabic word ( حشيش ) which means grass. It is believed that massive hashish production for international trade originated in Morocco during the 1960s, where the cannabis plant was widely available. Before the coming of the first hippies from the Hippie Hashish Trail, only small pieces of Lebanese hashish were found in Morocco. However, hemp has been reported from a cultural setting on Taiwan as long ago as 10,000 BC., and "[t]he earliest human use of Cannabis appears to have occurred in the steppe regions of Central Asia or in China."

Northern India has a long social tradition in the production of hashish, known locally as charas, which is believed to be the same plant resin as was burned in the ceremonial booz rooz of Ancient Persia. Cannabis indica grows wild almost everywhere on the Indian sub-continent, and special strains have been particularly cultivated for production of ganja and hashish, especially in West Bengal, Rajasthan and the Himalayas.

In 1596, Dutchman Jan Huyghen van Linschoten spent three pages on "Bangue" (bhang) in his historic work documenting his journeys in the East. He particularly mentioned the Egyptian Hashish. He said, "Bangue is likewise much used in Turkie and Egypt, and is made in three sorts, having also three names. The first by the Egyptians is called Assis (Hashish (Arab.)), which is the poulder of Hemp, or of Hemp leaves, which is water made in paste or dough, they would eat five peeces, (each) as big as a Chestnut (or larger); This is used by the common people, because it is of a small price, and it is no wonder, that such vertue proceedeth from the Hempe, for that according to Galens opinion, Hempe excessively filleth the head."

In the 1800s, hashish was embraced in some European literary circles. Most famously, the Club des Hashischins was a Parisian club dedicated to the consumption of hashish and other drugs; its members included literary luminaries such as Théophile Gautier Dr. Moreau 'de Tours, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Baudelaire and Honoré de Balzac. Baudelaire later wrote the 1860 book Les paradis artificiels, about the state of being under the influence of opium and hashish. At around the same time, American author Fitz Hugh Ludlow wrote the 1857 book The Hasheesh Eater about his youthful experiences, both positive and negative, with the drug.

Use

Hashish can be consumed by oral ingestion or smoking; typically in a pipe, vaporizer or joints, where it is normally mixed with cannabis or tobacco, as pure hashish will not burn if rolled alone.

Manufacturing processes

Play media

Making cannabis resin, Uttarakhand, India

Hashish is made from cannabinoid-rich glandular hairs known as trichomes, as well as varying amounts of cannabis flower and leaf fragments. The flowers of a mature female plant contain the most trichomes, though trichomes are also found on other. parts of the plant. Certain strains of cannabis are cultivated specifically for their ability to produce large amounts of trichomes. The resin reservoirs of the trichomes, sometimes erroneously called pollen (vendors often use the euphemism "pollen catchers" to describe screened kief-grinders in order to skirt paraphernalia-selling laws), are separated from the plant through various methods.

Mechanical separation methods use physical action to remove the trichomes from the plant, such as sieving through a screen by hand or in motorized tumblers. This technique is known as "drysifting". The resulting powder, referred to as "kief" or "drysift", is compressed with the aid of heat into blocks of hashish; if pure, the kief will become gooey and pliable. When a high level of pure THC is present, the end product will be almost transparent and will start to melt at the point of human contact.

Ice-water separation is another mechanical method of isolating trichomes. The clarity of the final product determines quality of the final product. Nowadays, new techniques have been developed, such as heat and pressure separations, static-electricity sieving or acoustical dry sieving.

Trichomes isolated with ice-water extraction method.

Sebsi, a Moroccan long-drawtube one-hitter.

It is based on the principle that the resin glands of the cannabis plant are more dense than water. Iceolator tends to have a very high THC content compared to traditional methods of making hash.

Trichomes may break away from supporting stalks and leaves when plant material becomes brittle at low temperatures. After plant material has been agitated in an icy slush, separated trichomes are often dense enough to sink to the bottom of the ice-water mixture following agitation, while lighter pieces of leaves and stems tend to float.

The ice-water method requires ice, water, agitation, filtration bags with various-sized screens and plant material. With the ice-water extraction method the resin becomes hard and brittle and can easily be separated. This allows large quantities of pure resins to be extracted in a very clean process without the use of solvents, making for a more purified hashish.

Chemical separation methods generally use a solvent such as ethanol, butane or hexane to dissolve the lipophilic desirable resin. Remaining plant materials are filtered out of the solution and sent to the compost. The solvent is then evaporated, or boiled off (purged) leaving behind the desirable resins, called honey oil, "hash oil", or just "oil". Honey oil still contains waxes and essential oils and can be further purified by vacuum distillation to yield "red oil". The product of chemical separations is more commonly referred to as "honey oil." This oil is not really hashish, as the latter name covers trichomes that are extracted by sieving. This leaves most of the glands intact.

In a study conducted in 2014 by Jean-Jaques Filippi, Marie Marchini, Céline Charvoz, Laurence Dujourdy and Nicolas Baldovini (Multidimensional analysis of cannabis volatile constituents: Identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane as a volatile marker of hashish, the resin of Cannabis sativa L.) the researchers linked the characteristic flavour of hashish with a rearrangement of myrcene caused during the process of manufacture.

The largest producer is Afghanistan.

Quality

Tiny pieces of leaf matter may be accidentally or even purposefully added; adulterants introduced when the hashish is being produced will reduce the purity of the material and often resulting in green finished product. The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hashish comes in wide ranges from almost none to 65% and that of hash oil from 30% to 90%.

See also

• Hemp oil

References

Further reading

• Hashish! by Robert Connell Clarke, ISBN 0-929349-05-9
• The Hasheesh Eater by Fitz Hugh Ludlow; first edition 1857
• Starkes, Michael. Marijuana Potency. Berkeley, California: And/Or Press, 1977. Chapter 6 "Extraction of THC and Preparation of Hash Oil" pp. 111–122. ISBN 0-915904-27-6.

External links

• Bibliography of scholarly histories on cannabis and hashish
• Hashish Making and Varieties

UpToDate Contents

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「薬物濫用」「大麻」「Cannabis」「hemp」「hemp plant」

「薬物濫用」

　　[★]

英

drug abuse, substance abuse

同

薬物乱用

関

薬物依存、薬物嗜癖、物質乱用、物質依存症、薬物使用、接着剤吸引

薬物使用が身体に及ぼす効果

• 濫用 substance abuse：a pattern of abnormal substance use that leads to impairment of occupational, physical, or social functioning(BBS.73)
• 依存 substance dependence：ub stance abuse puls withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, or a pattern of repetitive use(BBS.73)
• 離脱 withdrawal：the development of physical or pschological symptoms after the reduction or cessation of intake of a substance(BBS.73)
• 耐性 tolerance：the need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same positive psychological effect(BBS.73)
• 交差耐性 cross-tolerance：the development of tolerance to one substance as the result of using another substance(BBS.73)

薬物

• 1. 中枢神経興奮薬(覚醒剤を含む) stimulants　　身体依存はないとされている

• カフェイン caffeine
• ニコチン nicotine
• amphetamines　精神依存有り。身体依存無し

• アンフェタミン amphetamine　精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現
• デキストロアンフェタミン dextroamphetamine Dexedrine
• メタンフェタミン methamphetamine Desoxyn speed ice ヒロポン　精神依存有り。身体依存無し。耐性は連用で出現　　←　以前、日本で多く使われた
• メチルフェニデート methylphenidate Ritalin
• methylene dioxymethamphetamine MDMA ecstasy

• コカイン cocaine crack freebase　精神依存有り。身体依存無し　精神依存生じやすい。耐性発現殆ど無し　コカ

• 2. sedatives

• alcohol　　精神依存有り。身体依存有り。
• barbiturates
• benzodiazepines

• ⇔flumazenil Mazicon Romazicon

• 3. opioids

• morphine　精神依存・身体依存有り　けし
• heroin　精神依存・身体依存が強い。耐性発現早い。離脱症状激しい
• codeine
• pethidine
• fentanyl
• methadone
• l-alpha-acetylmethadol acetate LAMM
• buprenorphine Temgesic

• 4. hallucinogens and related agents

• cannabis(marijuana(tetrahydrocannabinol THC,hashish)　精神依存有り。身体依存無し　精神依存軽度。耐性は長期使用で軽度出現　大麻草
• lysergic acid diethylamide LSD
• phencyclidine PCP angel dust
• psilocybin
• mescaline

精神依存、身体依存

	精神依存	身体依存
コカイン、アンフェタミン類(アンフェタミン、メチルフェタミン)、大麻	○
麻薬(モルヒネ、ヘロイン、コデイン)、バルビツール酸系(フェノバルビタール、チオペンタール)、アルコール	○	○

「大麻」

　　[★]

英

cannabis

ラ

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis herba

同

カンナビス、インド大麻 Indian hemp、ガンジャ ganja、ハシシュ hashish hasheesh、ブハン bhang、マリファナ marihuana marijuana、カラス charas、ポット pot、グラス grass

関

マリファナ、アサ、薬物濫用

分類

• hallucinogens and related agents

参考

• cannabis.com

http://cannabis.com/faqs/about_cannabis_FAQ/index.html

「Cannabis」

　　[★]

大麻、カンナビス、アサ、ンナビス属、Cannabis属

関

Cannabis herba、Cannabis sativa、hashish、hemp、hemp plant、marijuana

「hemp」

　　[★]

アサ、麻

関

Cannabis、Cannabis sativa、hashish、hemp plant、marijuana

　 　

「hemp plant」

　　[★]

大麻植物

関

Cannabis、Cannabis sativa、hashish、hemp、marijuana