WordNet

much greater than the normal; "abnormal profits"; "abnormal ambition"
not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a norm; "abnormal powers of concentration"; "abnormal amounts of rain"; "abnormal circumstances"; "an abnormal interest in food" (同)unnatural
departing from the normal in e.g. intelligence and development; "they were heartbroken when they learned their child was abnormal"; "an abnormal personality"
the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; "the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments" (同)behaviour
(psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation (同)behaviour
manner of acting or controlling yourself (同)behaviour, conduct, doings

PrepTutorEJDIC

『異常な』,普通でない,規準をはずれた

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/25 15:07:25」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Abnormality (or dysfunctional behavior), in the vivid sense of something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical (such as an aberration), is a subjectively defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional conditions. Behavior is considered abnormal when it is atypical, out of the ordinary, causes some kind of impairment, or consists of undesirable behavior.^[1] Who is normal or abnormal is a contentious issue in abnormal psychology.^[2]

Several conventional criteria

There are five main criteria of abnormality. They are 1. statistical criterion 2. social criterion 3. personal discomfort 4. maladaptive behaviour 5. deviation from ideal

One criterion for "abnormality" that may appear to apply in the case of abnormal behavior is statistical infrequency. This has an obvious flaw — the extremely intelligent are just as abnormal as their opposites. Therefore, individual abnormal behaviors are considered statistically unusual as well as undesirable. The presence of some form of abnormal behavior is not unusual. About one quarter of people in the United States, for example, are believed to meet criteria for a mental disorder in any given year.^[3] Mental disorders, by definition, involve unusual or statistically abnormal behaviors.
A more discerning criterion is distress. A person who is displaying a great deal of depression, anxiety, unhappiness, etc. would be thought of as exhibiting abnormal behavior because their own behavior distresses them. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of their own mental state, and while they may benefit from help, they feel no compulsion to receive it.
Another criterion is morality. This presents many difficulties, because it would be impossible to agree on a single set of morals for the purposes of diagnosis.
One criterion commonly referenced is maladaptivity. If a person is behaving in ways counter-productive to their own well-being, it is considered maladaptive. Although more tenable than the above criteria, it does have some shortcomings. For example, moral behavior including dissent and abstinence may be considered maladaptive to some.
Another criterion that has been suggested is that abnormal behavior violates the standards of society. When people do not follow the conventional social and moral rules of their society, the behavior is considered abnormal. However, the magnitude of the violation and how commonly it is violated by others must be taken into consideration.
Another proposed feature of abnormal behavior is observer discomfort,^[4] that is, it causes discomfort to those who witness it.
The standard criteria in psychology and psychiatry is that of mental illness or mental disorder. Determination of abnormality is based upon medical diagnosis. This is often criticized for removing control from the 'patient', and being easily manipulated by political or social goals.

Statistical Infrequency: In this definition of abnormality, statistically rare behaviors are called abnormal. For instance, one may say that an individual of above or below average IQ is abnormal. This definition, however, fails to recognize the desirability of the particular incidence. This definition also implies that the presence of abnormal behavior in people should be rare or statistically unusual, which is not the case. Instead, any specific abnormal behavior may be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behavior at some point in their lives ¹.

Deviation from Social Norms defines the departure or deviation of an individual, from society's unwritten rules (norms). For example if one was to witness a man jumping around, nude, on the streets, the man would be perceived as abnormal, as he has broken society's norms about wearing clothing. There are also a number of criteria for one to examine before reaching a judgment as to whether someone has deviated from society's norms. The first of these criterion being culture; what may be seen as normal in one culture, may be seen as abnormal in another. The second criterion being the situation & context one is placed in; for example, going to the toilet is a normal human act, but going in the middle of a supermarket would be seen as highly abnormal, i.e., defecating or urinating in public is illegal as a misdemeanor act of indecent public conduct. The third criterion is age; a child at the age of three could get away with taking off its clothing in public, but not a man at the age of twenty. The fourth criterion is gender: a male responding with behavior normally reacted to as female, and vice versa, is retaliated against, not just corrected. The fifth criterion is historical context; standards of normal behavior change in some societies, sometimes very rapidly.

FF: The Failure to Function Adequately definition of abnormality defines whether or not a behavior is abnormal if it is counter-productive to the individual. The main problem with this definition however is that psychologists cannot agree on the boundaries that define what is 'functioning' and what is 'adequately', as some behaviors that can cause 'failure to function' are not seen as bad, for example firemen risking their lives to save people in a blazing fire.

DIM: Deviation from Ideal Mental health defines abnormality by determining if the behavior the individual is displaying is affecting their mental well-being. As with the Failure to Function definition, the boundaries that stipulate what 'ideal mental health' is are not properly defined, and the bigger problem with the definition is that all individuals at some point in their life deviate from ideal mental health, but it does not mean they are abnormal. I.e., someone who has lost a relative is distressed, but is not defined as abnormal for showing that particular behaviour. On the contrary, there are some indications that some people require assistance to grieve properly ².

A common approach to defining abnormality is a Multi-Criteria approach, where all definitions of abnormality are used to determine whether an individuals behavior is abnormal. For example, if an individual is engaging in a particular behavior that is preventing them from 'functioning', breaks a social norm and is statistically infrequent, then psychologists would be prepared to define this individual's behavior as abnormal. A good example of an abnormal behavior assessed by a multi-criteria approach is depression: it is commonly seen as a deviation from ideal mental stability, it often stops the individual from 'functioning' a normal life, and, though it is a relatively common mental disorder, it is still statistically infrequent. Most people do not experience significant major depressive disorder in their lifetime ³.

Notes and references

¹NIMH factsheet on frequency of mental disorders.
²Article on complicated grief.
³Article on results of the National Comorbidity Study

References

^ "Abnormal". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior" (PDF). csun.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America". NIMH. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ David Rosenhan & Martin Seligman (1984) Abnormal Psychology

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. せん妄および錯乱状態の診断diagnosis of delirium and confusional states [show details]
…distinction between delirium and confusional states. The terms "acute confusional state" and "encephalopathy" are often used synonymously with delirium. The more general term "confusion" is used to indicate a problem …
2. 救急外来における異常行動の評価evaluation of abnormal behavior in the emergency department [show details]
…life-threatening and reversible causes of confusion If confusion or abnormal behavior persists, the emergency clinician attempts to determine the nature of the confusion with assistance from the appropriate …
3. 潜在性毒素曝露を認める小児に対するアプローチapproach to the child with occult toxic exposure [show details]
…established. . Various drugs can cause mental status changes ranging from agitation to coma Hypoxemia and hypoglycemia are two common causes of altered mental status in the poisoned patient that should be …
4. せん妄および急性錯乱状態：予防、治療、および予後delirium and acute confusional states prevention treatment and prognosis [show details]
… Delirium is an acute confusional state characterized by an alteration of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. This results in a cognitive or perceptual disturbance …
5. 睡眠中の異常運動および異常行動に対するアプローチapproach to abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep [show details]
…disorders of arousal (eg, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, confusional arousals) and sleep-related eating disorder Disorders of arousal – Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors are a mixture of NREM …

English Journal

Imaging genetics of schizophrenia in the post-GWAS era.

Arslan A1.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2018 Jan 3;80(Pt B):155-165. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.018. Epub 2017 Jun 20.
PMID 28645536

Solitary drinking is associated with specific alcohol problems in emerging adults.

Keough MT1, O'Connor RM2, Stewart SH3.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2018 Jan;76:285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.024. Epub 2017 Aug 31.
PMID 28888175

Inter-species functional interactome of nuclear steroid receptors (R1).

Geronikolou SA1, Pavlopoulou A2, Kanaka-Gantenbein C3, Chrousos G3.
Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition).Front Biosci (Elite Ed).2018 Jan 1;10:208-228.
PMID 28930614

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告レベチラセタムによる精神行動面の変調に対するビタミンB₆療法

親里嘉展,足立昌夫
小児科臨床 67(1), 97-102, 2014-01
NAID 40019919845

妊婦のセルフケア行動, その背景因子とデイリーマタニティチェックの効果

佐々木恵理子,田口可奈子,小玉恵子,篠原ひとみ,SASAKI Eriko,TAGUCHII Kanako,KODAMA Keiko,SHINOHARA Hitomi
秋田大学大学院医学系研究科保健学専攻紀要 21(2), 145-154, 2013-10-31
… デイリーマタニティチェックを２週間記載することで, 母親役割や分娩への準備, 食生活や日常生活動作への配慮が上昇し, 特に初産婦の母親役割や分娩への準備, 仕事の持つ妊婦の日常生活への配慮に効果があった.The purpose of this study was toclarify the relationship between motivation and intention of self-care behavior in pregnant women and their background. …
NAID 110009633308