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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/03 00:07:09」(JST)

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Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi. Malassezia is naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional opportunistic infections, some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans. Allergy tests for this fungus are available.

Nomenclature

Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they are extremely difficult to propagate in laboratory culture.

Malassezia were originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late 19th century. Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it "Pityrosporum malassez", honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.^[1]

In the mid-20th century, it was reclassified into two species:

Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.^[2]

Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent, is found on the skin of most animals.

In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, discovered additional species.^[3]

Currently there are 10 recognized species:

M. dermatis Sugita et al. 2002^[4]

M. furfur

M. globosa^[5]
M. japonica Sugita et al. 2002 ^[6]

M. nana^[7]

M. obtusa

M. pachydermatis^[8]

M. restricta^[9]

M. slooffiae^[10]

M. sympodialis^[11]

M. yamatoensis^[12]

Thomas Frieden once said his favorite disease was Malassezia furfur because "it's a rash that doesn't cause any harm; it sounds great." ^[13]

Role in human diseases

Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, is M. globosa (though M. restricta is also involved).^[5] The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungus.

As the fungus requires fat to grow,^{[citation needed]} it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp,^[14] face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

A project in 2007 has sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4,285 genes.^[15] M. globosa uses eight different types of lipase, along with three phospholipases, to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

M. globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,^[16] but this has not been observed.

Numbers

The number of specimens of M. globosa on a human head can be up to ten million.^[14]

Treatment of symptomatic scalp infections

Symptomatic scalp infections are often treated with selenium disulfide^[17] or ketoconazole containing shampoos. Other treatments include ciclopirox olamine, coal tar, zinc pyrithione (ZPT), miconazole, or tea tree oil medicated shampoos. Used occasionally and diluted with water, low-concentration hydrogen peroxide (approximately 3%) sold over the counter at pharmacies is also used to manage dandruff-like symptoms and itching.^{[citation needed]} However, hydrogen peroxide treatment can cause scarring^{[citation needed]}if the solution is not washed off after a short treatment (5 minutes or less is sufficient^{[citation needed]}). Hydrogen peroxide diluted with 50-50 with tap water in a foot bath is also effective in prompt removal of malassezia fungi of the feet (these being the cause of "toe cheese")^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 69 (4): 265–70. PMID 17642908.
^ Freedberg; et al., eds. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1187. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.
^ Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69 (4): 337–55. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432.
^ Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. (April 2002). "New Yeast Species, Malassezia dermatis, Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (4): 1363–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002. PMC 140359. PMID 11923357.
^ ^a ^b DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, et al. (September 2007). "Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (9): 2138–46. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID 17460728.
^ Sugita, Takashi; Masako Takashima; Minako Kodama; Ryoji Tsuboi; Akemi Nishikawa (October 2003). "Description of a New Yeast Species, Malassezia japonica, and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects". J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (10): 4695–4699. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, et al. (March 2004). "Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. PMID 15023986.
^ Coutinho SD, Paula CR (June 1998). "Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system". Rev Iberoam Micol 15 (2): 85–7. PMID 17655416.
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A (2004). "Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects" (– ^search). Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (10): 755–9. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03601.x. PMID 15502408. ^{[dead link]}
^ Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL (October 2007). "Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat". Vet. Dermatol. 18 (5): 348–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. PMID 17845623.
^ Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A (August 1998). "Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?". Arch Dermatol 134 (8): 995–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. PMID 9722730.
^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, et al. (2004). "A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects" (– ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (8): 579–83. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x. PMID 15322337. ^{[dead link]}
^ Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. "CDC Director Thomas Frieden Plays 'Not My Job'". NPR. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
^ ^a ^b "Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. (November 2007). "Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18730–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104. PMC 2141845. PMID 18000048.
^ Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E (June 2008). "The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts". Parassitologia 50 (1–2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.
^ DermNet treatments/selenium Accessed Dec 24, 2007.

External links

M Shams Ghahfarokhi, M. Razzaghi Abyaneh (March 2004). "Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor" (PDF). IJMS 29 (1).
Noble SL, Forbes RC, Stamm PL (July 1998). "Diagnosis and management of common tinea infections". Am Fam Physician 58 (1): 163–74, 177–8. PMID 9672436.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. マラセチア感染症 malassezia infection
2. 癜風 tinea versicolor pityriasis versicolor
3. 皮膚炎の概要 overview of dermatitis
4. アトピー性皮膚炎（湿疹）の治療 treatment of atopic dermatitis eczema
5. 思春期および成人における脂漏性皮膚炎 seborrheic dermatitis in adolescents and adults

English Journal

Increased hydrophobicity in Malassezia species correlates with increased proinflammatory cytokine expression in human keratinocytes.

Akaza N, Akamatsu H, Takeoka S, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Matsunaga K.Source* Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Aichi , Japan.
Medical mycology : official publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.Med Mycol.2012 May 2. [Epub ahead of print]
Malassezia cells stimulate cytokine production by keratinocytes, although this ability differs among Malassezia species for unknown reasons. The aim of this study was to clarify the factors determining the ability to induce cytokine production by human keratinocytes in response to Malassezia species
PMID 22548238

Fatty acid profile and influence of oxythiamine on fatty acid content in Malassezia pachydermatis, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Tylicki A, Siemieniuk M, Dobrzyn P, Ziolkowska G, Nowik M, Czyzewska U, Pyrkowska A.SourceDepartament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland Departament of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
Mycoses.Mycoses.2012 May;55(3):e106-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02152.x. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans are fungi involved in the skin diseases and systemic infections. The therapy of such infections is difficult due to relapses and problems with pathogen identification. In our study, we compare the fatty acids profile of M. pachydermatis, C. albicans and
PMID 22066764

Japanese Journal

Occurrence of Malassezia Species in Persian and Domestic Short Hair Cats with and without Otitis Externa

SHOKRI Hojjatollah,KHOSRAVI AliReza,RAD MohammadAli,JAMSHIDI Shahram
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(3), 293-296, 2010
… The yeasts of the Malassezia genus are opportunistic microorganisms in the skin and auricular canal of human and animals, mainly cats, and can cause otitis externa and dermatitis disorders. … The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of different species of Malassezia in the external ear canal of cats with and without otitis externa. … Malassezia yeasts were isolated from 95.1% and 48.4% of the cats with and without otitis externa, respectively. …
NAID 130000134543

コラージュフルフル泡石鹸の脂漏性皮膚炎に対する使用経験

二宮淳也,浜口太造
日本臨床皮膚科医会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Organization of Clinical Dermatologists 26(5), 495-502, 2009-09-15
NAID 10026336948

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「真菌症」「癜風」
関連記事	「Malassezia」

「真菌症」

Malassezia
	Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Subdivision:	Ustilaginomycotina
Class:	Exobasidiomycetes
Order:	Malasseziales
Family:	Malasseziaceae
Genus:	Malassezia
Species
	See text.

　　[★]

英: mycosis, mycotic disease
同: 真菌感染症 fungal infection、真菌感染
関: 真菌、抗真菌薬

表在真菌症
皮下真菌症深部皮膚真菌症

スポロトリコーシス sporotrichosis

Sporothrix schenckii

クロモミコーシス chromomycosis 黒色真菌症

Cladosporium carrionii
Fonsecaea compacta
Fonsecaea pedrosoi 日本では起因菌の70%以上を占める(SMB.351)
Phialophora verrucosa
Rhinosladiella aquaspersa

足菌腫 mycetoma マズラ菌症 maduromycosis

深在性真菌症 deep mycosis 全身性真菌症 systemic mycosis

地域流行型真菌症 endemic mycosis
コクシジオイデス症 coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides immitis

ヒストプラスマ症 histoplasmosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

ブラストミセス症 blastomycosis

Blastomyces dematitidis

Rhizopus oryae

代表的な真菌症 CBT QB vol2 p.193

	白癬	スポロトリコーシス	皮膚カンジダ症	癜風
原因菌	皮膚糸状菌	Sporothrix schenckii	Candida albicans	Malassezia furfur
症状	頭部、顔面、体部、股部、足の白癬	皮下結節→潰瘍化	指趾間びらん、爪周囲炎、粘膜カンジダ	胸・背部に黒・白色斑
検査	KOH法	スポロトリキン反応、PAS染色法	KOH法	KOH法、Wood灯検査
治療	抗真菌薬外用、抗真菌薬内服	ヨードカリ内服、温熱療法、抗真菌薬内服	イミダゾール系抗真菌薬外用	抗真菌薬外用

「癜風」

　　[★]

日: でんぷう
英: chromophytosis
ラ: pityriasis versicolor, tinea versicolor
同: 黒なまずくろなまず、なまず
関: マラセチア感染症 Malassezia infection

Malassezia furfurによる

「Malassezia」

　　[★]

マラセジア属、Malassezia属

関: Pityrosporum

[pmid17642908-1] Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 69 (4): 265–70. PMID 17642908.

[isbn0-07-138067-1-2] Freedberg; et al., eds. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1187. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.

[pmid8836432-3] Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69 (4): 337–55. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432.

[pmid11923357-4] Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. (April 2002). "New Yeast Species, Malassezia dermatis, Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (4): 1363–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002. PMC 140359. PMID 11923357.

[pmid17460728-5] DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, et al. (September 2007). "Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (9): 2138–46. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID 17460728.

[Sugita-6] Sugita, Takashi; Masako Takashima; Minako Kodama; Ryoji Tsuboi; Akemi Nishikawa (October 2003). "Description of a New Yeast Species, Malassezia japonica, and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects". J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (10): 4695–4699. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003. Retrieved 31 October 2012.

[pmid15023986-7] Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, et al. (March 2004). "Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. PMID 15023986.

[pmid17655416-8] Coutinho SD, Paula CR (June 1998). "Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system". Rev Iberoam Micol 15 (2): 85–7. PMID 17655416.

[pmid15502408-9] Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A (2004). "Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects" (– ^search). Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (10): 755–9. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03601.x. PMID 15502408. ^{[dead link]}

[pmid17845623-10] Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL (October 2007). "Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat". Vet. Dermatol. 18 (5): 348–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. PMID 17845623.

[pmid9722730-11] Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A (August 1998). "Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?". Arch Dermatol 134 (8): 995–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. PMID 9722730.

[pmid15322337-12] Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, et al. (2004). "A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects" (– ^{Scholar search}). Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (8): 579–83. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x. PMID 15322337. ^{[dead link]}

[13] Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. "CDC Director Thomas Frieden Plays 'Not My Job'". NPR. Retrieved 2013-01-26.

[cracked-14] "Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-10.

[pmid18000048-15] Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. (November 2007). "Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18730–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104. PMC 2141845. PMID 18000048.

[pmid18693563-16] Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E (June 2008). "The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts". Parassitologia 50 (1–2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.

[17] DermNet treatments/selenium Accessed Dec 24, 2007.

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案内

Malassezia furfur