WordNet

plate with tin
a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide (同)Sn, atomic number 50
prepare (a metal) for soldering or brazing by applying a thin layer of solder to the surface
a vessel (box, can, pan, etc.) made of tinplate and used mainly in baking
prong on a fork or pitchfork or antler
infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches (同)ringworm, roundworm
type genus of the Tineidae: clothes moths (同)genus Tinea

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{U}錫(金属元素;化学記号はSn) / {U}ブリキ(tin plate) / 《英》=can {名}2 / 錫製の;ブリキの / …‘に'錫めっきをする;…‘に'錫を張る(かぶせる) / 《英》=can {動}
(くまで・フォーク・シカの角などの)鋭くとがった先

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/15 16:28:07」(JST)

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Tinea versicolor (also known as dermatomycosis furfuracea,^[1] pityriasis versicolor,^[1] and tinea flava)^[1] is a condition characterized by a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities.^[1] Recent research has shown that the majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the Malassezia globosa fungus, although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of cases.^[2]^[3] These yeasts are normally found on the human skin and only become troublesome under certain circumstances, such as a warm and humid environment, although the exact conditions that cause initiation of the disease process are poorly understood.^[2]^[4]

The condition pityriasis versicolor was first identified in 1846.^[5] Versicolor comes from the Latin, from versāre to turn + color.^[6]

Symptoms

The symptoms of this condition include:

Occasional fine scaling of the skin producing a very superficial ash-like scale
Pale, dark tan, or pink in color, with a reddish undertone that can darken when the patient is overheated, such as in a hot shower or during/after exercise, tanning typically makes the affected areas contrast more starkly with the surrounding skin.^[7]
Sharp border ^[8]

Pityriasis versicolor is more common in hot, humid climates or in those who sweat heavily, so it may recur each summer.^[8]

The yeasts can often be seen under the microscope within the lesions and typically have a so-called "spaghetti and meatball appearance"^[9] as the round yeasts produce filaments.

In people with dark skin tones, pigmentary changes such as hypopigmentation (loss of color) are common, while in those with lighter skin color, hyperpigmentation (increase in skin color) is more common. These discolorations have led to the term "sun fungus".^[10]

Pityriasis versicolor commonly causes hypopigmentation in people with dark skin tones.

Prevalence

This skin disease commonly affects adolescents and young adults, especially in warm and humid climates. The yeast is thought to feed on skin oils (lipids), as well as dead skin cells. Infections are more common in people who have seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, and hyperhidrosis.^[4]

Diagnosis

Tinea versicolor fluorescence under Wood's lamp

Tinea versicolor may be diagnosed by a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and lesions may fluoresce copper-orange when exposed to Wood's lamp.^[11] The differential diagnosis for tinea versicolor infection includes:

Pityriasis alba
Pityriasis rosea
Seborrheic dermatitis
Erythrasma
Vitiligo
Leprosy
Syphilis
Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation^[12]

Treatment

Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor

Treatments for tinea versicolor include:

Topical antifungal medications containing 2.5% selenium sulfide are often recommended.^[11] Ketoconazole (Nizoral ointment and shampoo) is another treatment. It is normally applied to dry skin and washed off after 10 minutes, repeated daily for 2 weeks. Ciclopirox (Ciclopirox olamine) is an alternative treatment to ketoconazole, as it suppresses growth of the yeast Malassezia furfur. Initial results show similar efficacy to ketoconazole with a relative increase in subjective symptom relief due to its inherent anti-inflammatory properties.^[13] Other topical antifungal agents such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine can lessen symptoms in some patients.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, hydrogen peroxide has been known to lessen symptoms, and on certain occasions, remove the problem, although permanent scarring has occurred with this treatment in some sufferers.^{[citation needed]} Clotrimazole (1%) is also used combined with selenium sulfide (2.5%) (Candid-TV).

Oral antifungal prescription-only medications include 400 mg of ketoconazole or fluconazole in a single dose, or ketoconazole 200 mg daily for 7 days, or itraconazole^[14]^[15] 400 mg daily for 3–7 days. The single-dose regimens, or pulse therapy regimes, can be made more effective by having the patient exercise 1–2 hours after the dose, to induce sweating. The sweat is allowed to evaporate, and showering is delayed for a day, leaving a film of the medication on the skin.^[16]

Some success with Senna alata has been reported.^[17] use these things as directed by the physician.

Recurrence is common and may be reduced by intermittent application of topical antifungal agents such as tea tree oil^[18] or selenium sulfide.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 76. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ ^a ^b Morishita N; Sei Y. (December 2006). "Microreview of pityriasis versicolor and Malassezia species". Mycopathologia 162 (6): 373–76. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0081-2.
^ Prohic A; Ozegovic L. (January 2007). "Malassezia species isolated from lesional and non-lesional skin in patients with pityriasis versicolor". Mycoses 50 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01310.x.
^ ^a ^b Weedon, D. (2002). Skin pathology (2nd edition ed.). Churchil Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07069-5.
^ Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 69 (4): 265–70. PMID 17642908.
^ "versicolor". Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ "What to Avoid While Treating Tinea Versicolor". Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ ^a ^b http://www.dermnetnz.org/fungal/pityriasis-versicolor.html
^ "Adolescent Health Curriculum - Medical Problems - Dermatology - Papulosquamous Lesions (B4)". Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ "Tioconazole (Topical Route) - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ ^a ^b Likness, LP (June 2011). "Common dermatologic infections in athletes and return-to-play guidelines.". The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 111 (6): 373–379. PMID 21771922.
^ http://dermind.tripod.com/tv.htm
^ Ratnavel RC, Squire RA, Boorman GC (2007). "Clinical efficacies of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and ketoconazole (2.0%) in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis". J Dermatolog Treat 18 (2): 88–96. doi:10.1080/16537150601092944. PMID 17520465.
^ Faergemann J, Gupta AK, Al Mofadi A, Abanami A, Shareaah AA, Marynissen G (January 2002). "Efficacy of itraconazole in the prophylactic treatment of pityriasis (tinea) versicolor". Arch Dermatol 138 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.1.69. PMID 11790169.
^ Mohanty J, Sethi J, Sharma MK (2001). "Efficacy of itraconazole in the treatment of tinea versicolor". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 67 (5): 240–1. PMID 17664760.
^ Ketoconazole
^ Damodaran S, Venkataraman S (March 1994). "A study on the therapeutic efficacy of Cassia alata, Linn. leaf extract against Pityriasis versicolor". J Ethnopharmacol 42 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90018-3. PMID 8046939.
^ http://www.drugs.com/npp/tea-tree-oil.html

External links

Health in Plain English - Tinea versicolor
Tinea versicolor is harmless but can recur

UpToDate Contents

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1. 癜風 tinea versicolor pityriasis versicolor
2. 斑状の皮膚病変を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with macular skin lesions
3. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
4. マラセチア感染症 malassezia infection
5. 紅色陰癬 erythrasma

English Journal

Comparison late cutaneous complications between exposure to sulfur mustard and nerve agents.

Emadi SN, Aslani J, Poursaleh Z, Izadi M, Soroush M, Kafashi M, Alavinia SA, Bakhshi H, Karimi A, Momtaz-Manesh K, Babaei AA, Esmaili A, Raygan B, Emadi SE, Babamahmoodi F, Emadi SA.SourceSkin Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran.
Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2012 Sep;31(3):214-9. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
Background: Iraq used chemical weapons against thousands of Iranian militaries and civilians. This study aimed to compare the chronic cutaneous side effects of exposure to sulfur mustard (SM) with nerve agents (NA). Methods: The study enrolled 154 SM exposed cases and 175 (NA) exposed cases. Prese
PMID 22187952

[Anti-fungal resistant hypopigmented macules in an adolescent].

Martínez Martínez ML, Azaña Defez JM, López Villaescusa MT, Gómez Sánchez M.SourceServicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España.
Semergen / Sociedad Española de Medicina Rural y Generalista.Semergen.2012 Sep;38(6):405-7. Epub 2012 Jun 17.
Progressive macular hypomelanosis of the trunk is a disease of unknown origin that often goes unrecognized in the clinical setting. We present an adolescent with this condition initially diagnosed as tinea versicolor. She was asymptomatic, with hypopigmented macules located on the trunk and with no
PMID 22935838

Japanese Journal

2006年次皮膚真菌症疫学調査報告

清佳浩
Medical mycology journal = / 日本医真菌学会 [編] 53(3), 185-192, 2012-07-30
日本医真菌学会疫学調査委員会による2006年度の皮膚真菌症の調査成績を報告した. 方法および調査項目は前3回 (1991 ･ 1992, 1996 ･ 1997, 2002) に準じ, 全国に分布した皮膚科外来16施設において調査用紙に従った検索を行い, 結果を集計した. 1. 全施設をあわせた年間の総患者数 (その年における新患数) は63029名であった. 2. 疾患別では皮膚糸状菌症が最も多 …
NAID 10030925602

マラセチア感染症

清佳浩
Medical mycology journal = / 日本医真菌学会 [編] 53(1), 7-11, 2012-01-31
　マラセチア属真菌により生じる感染症には癜風とマラセチア毛包炎があり，さらに敗血症が報告されている．癜風は，浅在性真菌症であり，躯幹を中心として白色から淡紅色，淡褐色と色調の異なる斑という症状が認められる．マラセチア毛包炎は，痤瘡様の丘疹•膿疱を症状とする毛包炎でやはり躯幹を中心として皮疹が分布する．マラセチア属真菌は皮膚の常在真菌である．この真菌にはM. furfur,　M. sympodial …
NAID 10030883804