関: GRK3

WordNet

link together; "can we couple these proposals?" (同)couple on, couple up
two items of the same kind (同)pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke, couplet, distich, duo, duet, dyad, duad
a small indefinite number; "hes coming for a couple of days"
a pair of people who live together; "a married couple from Chicago" (同)mates, match
a pair who associate with one another; "the engaged couple"; "an inseparable twosome" (同)twosome, duo, duet
(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme

PrepTutorEJDIC

(同種類の物が)『2個』《+『of』+『名』》 / 『夫婦』,男女一組 / 《話》(…の)いくらか,少数《+『of』+『名』》 / …'を'『つなぎ合わせる』;(…に)…'を'連結する《+『名』+『to』(『with』)+『名』》 / …'を'(…と)関連づける《+『名』+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / …'を'結婚させる,〈動物〉'を'つがわせる / 〈動物〉交尾する
蛋白(たんばく)質
=sense organ / 受信装置

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1. ペプチドホルモンのシグナル伝達および調節 peptide hormone signal transduction and regulation
2. 複合免疫不全 combined immunodeficiencies
3. 血管作動性腸管ポリペプチド vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
4. 喘息におけるβ刺激剤：長期使用に関する議論 beta agonists in asthma controversy regarding chronic use
5. 微細欠失症候群（1番～11番染色体） microdeletion syndromes chromosomes 1 to 11

English Journal

GRK3 is essential for metastatic cells and promotes prostate tumor progression.

Li W1, Ai N, Wang S, Bhattacharya N, Vrbanac V, Collins M, Signoretti S, Hu Y, Boyce FM, Gravdal K, Halvorsen OJ, Nalwoga H, Akslen LA, Harlow E, Watnick RS.Author information 1Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030.AbstractThe biochemical mechanisms that regulate the process of cancer metastasis are still poorly understood. Because kinases, and the signaling pathways they comprise, play key roles in regulation of many cellular processes, we used an unbiased RNAi in vitro screen and a focused cDNA in vivo screen against human kinases to identify those with previously undocumented roles in metastasis. We discovered that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3; or β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2) was not only necessary for survival and proliferation of metastatic cells, but also sufficient to promote primary prostate tumor growth and metastasis upon exogenous expression in poorly metastatic cells in mouse xenograft models. Mechanistically, we found that GRK3 stimulated angiogenesis, at least in part through down-regulation of thrombospondin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. Furthermore, GRK3 was found to be overexpressed in human prostate cancers, especially in metastatic tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that GRK3 plays an important role in prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Jan 28;111(4):1521-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320638111. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
The biochemical mechanisms that regulate the process of cancer metastasis are still poorly understood. Because kinases, and the signaling pathways they comprise, play key roles in regulation of many cellular processes, we used an unbiased RNAi in vitro screen and a focused cDNA in vivo screen agains
PMID 24434559

G protein-coupled receptor kinase-3-deficient mice exhibit WHIM syndrome features and attenuated inflammatory responses.

Tarrant TK1, Billard MJ, Timoshchenko RG, McGinnis MW, Serafin DS, Foreman O, Esserman DA, Chao NJ, Lento WE, Lee DM, Patel D, Siderovski DP.Author information 11.CB #7280, 3300 Manning Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. tarra002@med.unc.edu.AbstractChemokine receptor interactions coordinate leukocyte migration in inflammation. Chemokine receptors are GPCRs that when activated, are phosphorylated by GRKs to turn off G protein-mediated signaling yet recruit additional signaling machinery. Recently, GRK3 was identified as a negative regulator of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling that is defective in human WHIM syndrome. Here, we report that GRK3-/- mice exhibit numerous features of human WHIM, such as impaired CXCL12-mediated desensitization, enhanced CXCR4 signaling to ERK activation, altered granulocyte migration, and a mild myelokathexis. Moreover, GRK3-/- protects mice from two acute models of inflammatory arthritis (K/BxN serum transfer and CAIA). In these granulocyte-dependent disease models, protection of GRK3-/- mice is mediated by retention of cells in the marrow, fewer circulating granulocytes in the peripheral blood, and reduced granulocytes in the joints during active inflammation. In contrast to WHIM, GRK3-/- mice have minimal hypogammaglobulinemia and a peripheral leukocytosis with increased lymphocytes and absent neutropenia. Thus, we conclude that the loss of GRK3-mediated regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling contributes to some, but not all, of the complete WHIM phenotype and that GRK3 inhibition may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
Journal of leukocyte biology.J Leukoc Biol.2013 Dec;94(6):1243-51. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0213097. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
Chemokine receptor interactions coordinate leukocyte migration in inflammation. Chemokine receptors are GPCRs that when activated, are phosphorylated by GRKs to turn off G protein-mediated signaling yet recruit additional signaling machinery. Recently, GRK3 was identified as a negative regulator of
PMID 23935208

Epithelial G protein-coupled receptor kinases regulate the initial inflammatory response during mycobacterial infection.

Håkansson G1, Lutay N, Andersson M, Hallgren O, Westergren-Thorsson G, Svensson M, Godaly G.Author information 1Department of MIG, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.AbstractThe interaction between mycobacteria and epithelium is unexplored, but may determine the outcome of the infection. We have analyzed the role of two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2 that are important regulators of many pulmonary diseases. We found that mycobacteria significantly increased the expression of both CXCR1 and CXCR2 on alveolar epithelial cells and both receptors were found to be important for neutrophil diapedesis across primary endothelial cells towards infected mucosa. Mycobacteria, lipoarabinomannan or 19-kDa glycolipoprotein up-regulated the inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2, while GRK3 was less affected. Mycobacteria-induced GRK2 up-regulation decreased chemokine transcription and secretion thereby affecting the neutrophil recruitment to infected mucosa. These events were completely abolished by blocking these receptors prior to infection as the blocking increased epithelial immune responses. We have identified novel interactions occurring in the initial phase of mycobacterial infections by which mycobacterial manipulate epithelial inflammatory responses.
Immunobiology.Immunobiology.2013 Jul;218(7):984-94. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
The interaction between mycobacteria and epithelium is unexplored, but may determine the outcome of the infection. We have analyzed the role of two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2 that are important regulators of many pulmonary diseases. We found that mycobacteria significantly increase
PMID 23312955

Japanese Journal

次世代型"包括的がん緩和医療"への取り組み—抗がん剤による耐性獲得及びがん増悪化の分子理解

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 136(5), 699-703, 2016
NAID 130005148577

Cytoplasmic kinases downstream of GPR30 suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced luteinizing hormone secretion from bovine anterior pituitary cells