FAO

　

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1. the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)f

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1. Food and Agriculture Organization(国連の)食糧農業機構

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/03 02:17:47」(JST)

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国際連合食糧農業機関
各国語表記 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（英語） Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture（フランス語） Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация（ロシア語） 联合国粮食及农业组织（中国語） Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación（スペイン語） منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة（アラビア語）
概要	専門機関
略称	FAO
代表	ホセ・グラツィアーノ・ダ・シルバ（ ブラジル）
状況	活動中
活動開始	1945年10月16日
本部	イタリア ローマ
公式サイト	www.fao.org
母体組織	国際連合経済社会理事会
Portal:国際連合

国際連合食糧農業機関（こくさいれんごうしょくりょうのうぎょうきかん、英語: Food and Agriculture Organization、FAO）は、飢餓の撲滅を世界の食糧生産と分配の改善と生活向上を通して達成するのを目的とする、国際連合の専門機関の一つである。

主にその活動は先進国と発展途上国の両方で行われ、国際的な農業水産林業に関する政策提言および協議をする際に各国が公平に話し合えるプラットホームとしての役割も果たしている。国際連合食糧農業機関（FAO) は、他にも知識と情報を蓄積する役割も担っており、発展途上国が農業水産林業分野で技術改善を進めて、その結果として発展途上国の一般市民がより栄養価の高い食物を入手できる手伝いをしている。近年は食糧安全保障を重要課題として掲げ、様々な国際的な調査に基づき、世界各国の農林水産業への勧告などを行ってもいる。

ロゴにも入っているfiat panisはこの機関のモットーで、ラテン語で「人々に食べ物あれ」という意味を持つ。

概要

第二次世界大戦中に設置された連合国食糧農業会議を基に、1905年以来の万国農業協会を引き継いで1945年10月16日に設置された。

設立目的は、「人々が健全で活発な生活をおくるために十分な量・質の食料への定期的アクセスを確保し、すべての人々の食料安全保障を達成する」ことである。

最高機関は全加盟国で構成される総会で、理事会は総会で構成される。本部はローマである。日本は1951年に加盟した。2008年現在、190ヶ国と地域が参加。

世界食糧調査

FAOは、創設以来、不定期に世界食糧調査を実施してきた。

勧告及び提案の事例

鳥インフルエンザで警告

アジアで猛威を振るい世界的に蔓延しているトリインフルエンザ感染の対策・予防に関して、2005年11月29日に勧告を出した。トリインフルエンザの予防措置として、ベトナムのホーチミン市など一部の感染国が行っている都市での野鳥の駆除は、家禽への感染防止活動への注意をそらすもので、都市の内外に生息している野鳥はトリインフルエンザの媒介となっている湿地帯の水鳥とは異なった種類であり、トリインフルエンザの人間への感染予防にはほとんど意味がないので中止し、家禽の間のウイルス感染を規制することが重要であると勧告した。

宮崎の口蹄疫被害に専門家チームの派遣を提案

2010年5月20日、宮崎の口蹄疫被害に専門家チームの派遣を日本政府に提案したが、受け入れられなかったことについての報道があった。

脚注

参考文献

• 石弘之著『地球環境報告』岩波書店《岩波新書(新赤版)33》　1988年 ISBN 4-00-430033-9

関連項目

• AGROVOC
• 世界農林業センサス
• アジアサッカー連盟 - 2010年5月にパートナーシップ協定を締結

外部リンク

• Food and Agriculture Organization（英語） - 公式サイト
• FAO日本事務所
• 国連食糧農業機関（FAO） - 外務省のFAOの解説

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"FAO" redirects here. For other uses, see FAO (disambiguation).

Food and Agriculture Organization

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (French)
FAO emblem with its Latin motto, Fiat panis ("Let there be bread")
Abbreviation	FAO, ONUAA
Formation	16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Canada
Type	Specialized Agency
Legal status	Active
Headquarters	Palazzo FAO, Rome, Italy
Head	José Graziano da Silva (current)
Parent organization	UN Economic and Social Council
Website	www.fao.org

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Italian: Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is an agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates as "let there be bread". As of 8 August 2013, FAO has 194 member states, along with the European Union (a "member organization"), and the Faroe Islands and Tokelau, which are associate members.

History

The idea of an international organization for food and agriculture emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century, advanced primarily by the US agriculturalist and activist David Lubin. In May–June 1905, an international conference was held in Rome, Italy, which led to the creation of the International Institute of Agriculture.

Later in 1943, the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt called a United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture. Representatives from forty four governments gathered at The Homestead Resort in Hot Springs, Virginia from 18 May to 3 June. They committed themselves to founding a permanent organization for food and agriculture, which happened in Quebec City, Canada on 16 October 1945 with the conclusion of the Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization. The First Session of the FAO Conference was held in the Chateau Frontenac at Quebec, Canada, from 16 October to 1 November 1945.

The Second World War effectively ended the International Agricultural Institute, though it was only officially dissolved by resolution of its Permanent Committee on 27 February 1948. Its functions were then transferred to the recently established FAO.

Structure and finance

Lester Bowles Pearson presiding at a plenary session of the founding conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. October 1945

FAO headquarters in Rome.

FAO was established on 16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1951, its headquarters were moved from Washington, D.C., United States, to Rome, Italy. The agency is directed by the Conference of Member Nations, which meets every two years to review the work carried out by the organization and to approve a Programme of Work and Budget for the next two-year period. The Conference elects a council of 49 member states (serve three-year rotating terms) that acts as an interim governing body, and the Director-General, that heads the agency.

FAO is composed of seven departments: Administration and Finance, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Economic and Social Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry, Natural Resource Management and Environment, and Technical Cooperation.

Beginning in 1994, FAO underwent the most significant restructuring since its founding, to decentralize operations, streamline procedures and reduce costs. As a result, savings of about US$50 million, €35 million a year were realized.

Budget

FAO's Regular Programme budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programme, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security.

The FAO regular budget for 2012–2013 biennium is US$1,005.6 million. The voluntary contributions provided by members and other partners support mechanical and emergency (including rehabilitation) assistance to governments for clearly defined purposes linked to the results framework, as well as direct support to FAO's core work. The voluntary contributions are expected to reach approximately US$1.4 billion in 2012–2013.

This overall budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships, leading to Food and Agriculture Outcomes at 71%; Core Functions at 11%; the Country Office Network – 5%; Capital and Security Expenditure – 2%; Administration – 6%; and Technical and Cooperation Program – 5%.

Directors-General

José Graziano da Silva, FAO Director General

Nr	Director	Country	Term
9	José Graziano da Silva	Brazil	January 2012 – July 2019
8	Jacques Diouf	Senegal	January 1994 – December 2011
7	Edouard Saouma	Lebanon	January 1976 – December 1993
6	Addeke Boerma	Netherlands	January 1968 – December 1975
5	Binay Ranjan Sen	India	November 1956 – December 1967
4	Sir Herbert Broadley	United Kingdom	acting April 1956 – November 1956
3	Philip V. Cardon	United States	January 1954 – April 1956
2	Norris E. Dodd	United States	April 1948 – December 1953
1	John Boyd Orr	United Kingdom	October 1945 – April 1948

Deputy Directors-General

• William Nobel Clark (US): 1948
• Sir Herbert Broadley (UK): 1948–1958
• Friedrich Traugott Wahlen (Switzerland): 1958–1959
• Norman C. Wright (UK): 1959–1963
• Oris V. Wells (US): 1963–1971
• Roy I. Jackson (US): 1971–1978
• Ralph W. Phillips (US): 1978–1981
• Edward M. West (UK): 1981–1985
• Declan J. Walton (Ireland): 1986–1987
• Howard Hjort (US): 1992–1997
• Vikram J. Shah (ad personam) (UK): 1992–1995
• David A. Harcharik (US): 1998–2007
• James G. Butler (US): 2008–2010
• Changchui He (China) (Operations): 2009–2011
• Ann Tutwiler (US) (Knowledge): 2011–2012
• Manoj Juneja (India) (Operations): 2011–2012
• Dan Gustafson (US) (Operations): 2012–2013
• Maria Helena M.Q. Semedo (Cape Verde) (Natural Resources): 2013–present

Offices

World headquarters

The world headquarters are located in Rome, in the former seat of the Department of Italian East Africa. One of the most notable features of the building was the Axum Obelisk which stood in front of the agency seat, although just outside the territory allocated to FAO by the Italian Government. It was taken from Ethiopia by Benito Mussolini's troops in 1937 as a war chest, and returned on 18 April 2005.

Regional offices

• Regional Office for Africa, in Accra, Ghana
• Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, in Bangkok, Thailand
• Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, in Budapest, Hungary
• Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, in Santiago, Chile
• Regional Office for the Near East, in Cairo, Egypt

Sub-regional offices

Liaison Office for North America in Washington, D.C.

• Sub-regional Office for Central Africa (SFC), in Libreville, Gabon
• Sub-regional Office for Central America (SLM), in Panama City, Panama
• Sub-regional Office for Central and Eastern Europe, in Budapest, Hungary
• Sub-regional Office for Central Asia, in Ankara, Turkey
• Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa (SFE), in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Sub-regional Office for North Africa, in Tunis, Tunisia
• Sub-regional Office for Southern Africa and East Africa, in Harare, Zimbabwe
• Sub-regional Office for the Caribbean, in Bridgetown, Barbados
• Sub-regional Office for the Pacific Islands, in Apia, Samoa
• Sub-regional Office for Western Africa (SFW), in Accra, Ghana

Liaison offices

• Liaison Office for North America, in Washington, D.C.
• Liaison Office with Japan, in Yokohama
• Liaison Office with the European Union and Belgium, in Brussels
• Liaison Office with the United Nations, in Geneva
• Liaison Office with the United Nations, in New York

Priority work areas

For the coming biennium, 2014–2015, FAO has outlined the following priorities in its fight against hunger.

• Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition – contribute to the eradication of hunger by facilitating policies and political commitments to support food security and by making sure that up-to-date information about hunger and nutrition challenges and solutions is available and accessible.
• Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable – promote evidence-based policies and practices to support highly productive agricultural sectors (crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries), while ensuring that the natural resource base does not suffer in the process.
• Reduce rural poverty – help the rural poor gain access to the resources and services they need – including rural employment and social protection – to forge a path out of poverty.
• Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems – help to build safe and efficient food systems that support smallholder agriculture and reduce poverty and hunger in rural areas.
• Increase the resilience of livelihoods from disasters – help countries to prepare for natural and human-caused disasters by reducing their risk and enhancing the resilience of their food and agricultural systems.

Programmes and achievements

Food

Codex Alimentarius

FAO and the World Health Organization created the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1961 to develop food standards, guidelines and texts such as codes of practice under the Joint FAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme. The main aims of the programme are protecting consumer health, ensuring fair trade and promoting co-ordination of all food standards work undertaken by intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.

World Food Summit

Main article: World Food Summit

In 1996, FAO organised the World Food Summit, attended by 112 Heads or Deputy Heads of State and Government. The Summit concluded with the signing of the Rome Declaration, which established the goal of halving the number of people who suffer from hunger by the year 2015. At the same time, 1,200 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) from 80 countries participated in an NGO forum. The forum was critical of the growing industrialisation of agriculture and called upon governments – and FAO – to do more to protect the 'Right to Food' of the poor.

TeleFood

Raising awareness about the problem of hunger mobilizes energy to find a solution. In 1997, FAO launched TeleFood, a campaign of concerts, sporting events and other activities to harness the power of media, celebrities and concerned citizens to help fight hunger. Since its start, the campaign has generated close to US$28 million, €15 million in donations. Money raised through TeleFood pays for small, sustainable projects that help small-scale farmers produce more food for their families and communities.

The projects provide tangible resources, such as fishing equipment, seeds and agricultural implements. They vary enormously, from helping families raise pigs in Venezuela, through creating school gardens in Cape Verde and Mauritania or providing school lunches in Uganda and teaching children to grow food, to raising fish in a leper community in India.

FAO Goodwill Ambassadors

The FAO Goodwill Ambassadors Programme was initiated in 1999. The main purpose of the programme is to attract public and media attention to the unacceptable situation that some 1 billion people continue to suffer from chronic hunger and malnutrition in a time of unprecedented plenty. These people lead a life of misery and are denied the most basic of human rights: the right to food.

Governments alone cannot end hunger and undernourishment. Mobilization of the public and private sectors, the involvement of civil society and the pooling of collective and individual resources are all needed if people are to break out of the vicious circle of chronic hunger and undernourishment.

Each of FAO's Goodwill Ambassadors – celebrities from the arts, entertainment, sport and academia such as Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi Montalcini, actress Gong Li, the late singer Miriam Makeba, International Singers Ronan Keating, and Anggun. And soccer players Roberto Baggio and Raúl, to name a few – has made a personal and professional commitment to FAO's vision: a food-secure world for present and future generations. Using their talents and influence, the Goodwill Ambassadors draw the old and the young, the rich and the poor into the campaign against world hunger. They aim to make Food for All a reality in the 21st century and beyond.

Right to Food Guidelines

In 2004 the Right to Food Guidelines were adopted, offering guidance to states on how to implement their obligations on the right to food.

Response to food crisis

In December 2007, FAO launched its Initiative on Soaring Food Prices to help small producers raise their output and earn more. Under the initiative, FAO contributed to the work of the UN High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis, which produced the Comprehensive Framework for Action. FAO has carried out projects in over 25 countries and inter-agency missions in nearly 60, scaled up its monitoring through the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture, provided policy advice to governments while supporting their efforts to increase food production, and advocated for more investment in agriculture. It has also worked hand-in-hand with the European Union. One example of its work is a US$10.2 million, €7.5 billion scheme to distribute and multiply quality seeds in Haiti, which has significantly increased food production, thereby providing cheaper food and boosting farmers' incomes.

FAO–EU partnership

In May 2009, FAO and the European Union signed an initial aid package worth €125 million to support small farmers in countries hit hard by rising food prices. The aid package falls under the EU's €1 billion Food Facility, set up with the UN Secretary-General's High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis and FAO to focus on programmes that will have a quick but lasting impact on food security. FAO is receiving a total of around €200 million for work in 25 countries, of which €15.4 million goes to Zimbabwe.

Food security programmes

The Special Programme for Food Security is FAO's flagship initiative for reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry in the world by 2015 (currently estimated at close to 1 billion people), as part of its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals. Through projects in over 100 countries worldwide, the programme promotes effective, tangible solutions to the elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty. Currently 102 countries are engaged in the programme and of these approximately 30 have begun shifting from pilot to national programmes. To maximize the impact of its work, FAO strongly promotes national ownership and local empowerment in the countries in which it operates.

Online campaign against hunger

The 1billionhungry project became the EndingHunger campaign in April 2011. Spearheaded by FAO in partnership with other UN agencies and private nonprofit groups, the EndingHunger movement pushes the boundaries of conventional public advocacy. It builds on the success in 2010 of The 1billonhungry project and the subsequent chain of public events that led to the collection of over three million signatures on a global petition to end hunger (www.EndingHunger.org). The petition was originally presented to representatives of world governments at a ceremony in Rome on 30 November 2010.

The web and partnerships are two pivotal and dynamic aspects of EndingHunger. The campaign relies on the assistance of organizations and institutions that can facilitate the project's diffusion, by placing banners on their own websites or organizing events aimed to raise awareness of the project. In its 2011 season, the campaign expanded its multimedia content, pursued mutual visibility arrangements with partner organizations, and sharpened its focus on 14- to 25-year-olds, who were encouraged to understand their potential as a social movement to push for the end of hunger.

Moreover, the EndingHunger project is a viral communication campaign, renewing and expanding its efforts to build the movement through Facebook, Twitter and other social networks. Those who sign the petition can spread the link of the EndingHunger website to their friends, via social media or mail, in order to gain awareness and signatures for the petition. The next interim objective is to grow the EndingHunger movement's Facebook community to 1 million members. As with the petition, the more people who get involved, the more powerful the message to governments: "We are no longer willing to accept the fact that hundreds of millions live in chronic hunger." Groups and individuals can also decide on their own to organize an event about the project, simply by gathering friends, whistles, T-shirts and banners (whistles and T-shirts can be ordered, and petition sign sheets downloaded, on the endinghunger.org website) and thereby alert people about chronic hunger by using the yellow whistle.

The original 1billionhungry campaign borrowed as its slogan the line "I'm as mad as hell, and I'm not going to take this anymore!", used by Peter Finch in the 1976 film, Network. Meanwhile, the yellow whistle has been the campaign symbol from the start, from 1billionhungry to Ending Hunger. (The creative concept was provided by the McCann Erickson Italy Communication Agency.) It symbolizes the fact that we are "blowing the whistle" on the silent disaster of hunger. It is both a symbol and – at many live events taking place around the world – a physical means of expressing frustration and making some noise about the hunger situation.

Both The 1billionhungry and the EndingHunger campaigns have continued to attract UN Goodwill Ambassadors from the worlds of music and cinema, literature, sport, activism and government. Some of the well known individuals who have become involved include former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former presidents of Chile Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet, actress Susan Sarandon, actors Jeremy Irons and Raul Bova, singers Céline Dion and Anggun, authors Isabelle Allende and Andrea Camilleri, musician Chucho Valdés and Olympic track-and-field legend Carl Lewis.

Agriculture

International Plant Protection Convention

FAO created the International Plant Protection Convention or IPPC in 1952. This international treaty organization works to prevent the international spread of pests and plant diseases. Among its functions are the maintenance of lists of plant pests, tracking of pest outbreaks, and coordination of technical assistance between member nations. As of May 2012, 177 governments had adopted the treaty.

Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition

The Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition (AAHM) aims to address how countries and organizations can be more effective in advocating and carrying out actions to address hunger and malnutrition. As a global partnership, AAHM creates global connections between local, regional, national and international institutions that share the goals of fighting hunger and malnutrition. The organization works to address food security by enhancing resources and knowledge sharing and strengthening hunger activities within countries and across state lines at the regional and international levels.

Following the World Food Summit, the Alliance was initially created in 2002 as the 'International Alliance Against Hunger (IAAH)' to strengthen and coordinate national efforts in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. The mission of the Alliance originates from the first and eight UN Millennium Development Goals; reducing the number of people that suffer from hunger in half by 2015 (preceded by the "Rome Declaration" in 1996) and developing a global partnership for development. The Alliance was founded by the Rome-based food agencies – the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UN World Food Programme (WFP), International Fund for Agriculture Fund for Development (IFAD), – and Bioversity International.

AAHM connects top-down and bottom-up anti-hunger development initiatives, linking governments, UN organizations, and NGOs together in order to increase effectiveness through unity.

Integrated pest management

During the 1990s, FAO took a leading role in the promotion of integrated pest management for rice production in Asia. Hundreds of thousands of farmers were trained using an approach known as the Farmer Field School (FFS) [17]. Like many of the programmes managed by FAO, the funds for Farmer Field Schools came from bilateral Trust Funds, with Australia, Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland acting as the leading donors. FAO's efforts in this area have drawn praise from NGOs that have otherwise criticized much of the work of the organization.

Transboundary pests and diseases

FAO established an Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases in 1994, focusing on the control of diseases like rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease and avian flu by helping governments coordinate their responses. One key element is the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme, which has advanced to a stage where large tracts of Asia and Africa have now been free of the cattle disease rinderpest for an extended period of time. Meanwhile, Locust Watch monitors the worldwide locust situation and keeps affected countries and donors informed of expected developments.

Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building

The Food Price Index (FAO) 1990-2012

The Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB) is a global partnership dedicated to increasing plant breeding capacity building. The mission of GIPB is to enhance the capacity of developing countries to improve crops for food security and sustainable development through better plant breeding and delivery systems. The ultimate goal is to ensure that a critical mass of plant breeders, leaders, managers and technicians, donors and partners are linked together through an effective global network.

Increasing capacity building for plant breeding in developing countries is critical for the achievement of meaningful results in poverty and hunger reduction and to reverse the current worrisome trends. Plant breeding is a well recognized science capable of widening the genetic and adaptability base of cropping systems, by combining conventional selection techniques and modern technologies. It is essential to face and prevent the recurrence of crises such as that of the soaring food prices and to respond to the increasing demands for crop based sources of energy.

Investment in agriculture

FAO's technical cooperation department hosts an Investment Centre that promotes greater investment in agriculture and rural development by helping developing countries identify and formulate sustainable agricultural policies, programmes and projects. It mobilizes funding from multilateral institutions such as the World Bank, regional development banks and international funds as well as FAO resources.

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, GIAHS The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Partnership Initiative was conceptualized and presented by Dr. Parviz Koohafkan the Task Manager of Chapter 10 of Agenda 21 in Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, FAO in 2002 during World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. This UN Partnership Initiative aims to identify, support and safeguard Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and their livelihoods, agricultural and associated biodiversity, landscapes, knowledge systems and cultures around the world. The GIAHS Partnership recognizes the crucial importance of the well-being of family farming communities in an integrated approach while directing activities towards sustainable agriculture and rural development.

Forestry

See also: Forestry Information Centre

One of FAO's strategic goals is the sustainable management of the world's forests. The Forestry Department works to balance social and environmental considerations with the economic needs of rural populations living in forest areas. FAO serves as a neutral forum for policy dialogue, as a reliable source of information on forests and trees and as a provider of expert technical assistance and advice to help countries develop and implement effective national forest programmes.

FAO is both a global clearinghouse for information on forests and forest resources and a facilitator that helps build countries' local capacity to provide their own national forest data. In collaboration with member countries, FAO carries out periodic global assessments of forest resources, which are made available through reports, publications and the FAO's Web site. The Global Forest Resources Assessment provides comprehensive reporting on forests worldwide. Every two years, FAO publishes the State of the World's Forests , a major report covering current and emerging issues facing the forestry sector.

Unasylva, FAO's peer-reviewed journal on forestry, has been published in English, French and Spanish on a regular basis since 1947, the longest-running multilingual forestry journal in the world.

The FAO is the official sponsor of International Day of Forests, on 21 March each year, as proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on 28 November 2012.

Fisheries

The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department is defined through its vision and mission statements:

• Vision: A world in which responsible and sustainable use of fisheries and aquaculture resources makes an appreciable contribution to human well-being, food security and poverty alleviation.
• Mission: To strengthen global governance and the managerial and technical capacities of members and to lead consensus-building towards improved conservation and utilization of aquatic resources.

The work of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department centers on the "Sustainable management and use of fisheries and aquaculture resource," embracing normative as well as operational activities, whether implemented from headquarters or from the field.

Statistics

The FAO Statistical Division produces FAOSTAT, which offers free and easy access to data for 245 countries and 35 regional areas from 1961 through the most recent year available. Enhanced features include browsing and analysis of data, an advanced interactive data download, and enhanced data exchange through web services.

Membership

There are a total of 197 members comprising 194 member nations, 1 member organization (European Union) and 2 associate members (Faroe Islands and Tokelau).

1. Afghanistan
2. Albania
3. Algeria
4. Andorra
5. Angola
6. Antigua and Barbuda
7. Argentina
8. Armenia
9. Australia
10. Austria
11. Azerbaijan
12. The Bahamas
13. Bahrain
14. Bangladesh
15. Barbados
16. Belarus
17. Belgium
18. Belize
19. Benin
20. Bhutan
21. Bolivia
22. Bosnia and Herzegovina
23. Botswana
24. Brazil
25. Brunei
26. Bulgaria
27. Burkina Faso
28. Burma
29. Burundi
30. Cambodia
31. Cameroon
32. Canada
33. Cape Verde
34. Central African Republic
35. Chad
36. Chile
37. China
38. Colombia
39. Comoros
40. Democratic Republic of the Congo
41. Republic of the Congo
42. Cook Islands
43. Costa Rica
44. Côte d'Ivoire
45. Croatia
46. Cuba
47. Cyprus
48. Czech Republic
49. Denmark
50. Djibouti
51. Dominica
52. Dominican Republic
53. Ecuador
54. Egypt
55. El Salvador
56. Equatorial Guinea
57. Eritrea
58. Estonia
59. Ethiopia
60. European Union (member organization)
61. Faroe Islands, Denmark (associate member)
62. Fiji
63. Finland
64. France
65. Gabon
66. The Gambia
67. Georgia
68. Germany
69. Ghana
70. Greece
71. Grenada
72. Guatemala
73. Guinea
74. Guinea-Bissau
75. Guyana
76. Haiti
77. Honduras
78. Hungary
79. Iceland
80. India
81. Indonesia
82. Iran
83. Iraq
84. Ireland
85. Israel
86. Italy
87. Jamaica
88. Japan
89. Jordan
90. Kazakhstan
91. Kenya
92. Kiribati
93. North Korea
94. South Korea
95. Kuwait
96. Kyrgyzstan
97. Laos
98. Latvia
99. Lebanon
100. Lesotho
101. Liberia
102. Libya
103. Lithuania
104. Luxembourg
105. Macedonia
106. Madagascar
107. Malawi
108. Malaysia
109. Maldives
110. Mali
111. Malta
112. Marshall Islands
113. Mauritania
114. Mauritius
115. Mexico
116. Federated States of Micronesia
117. Moldova
118. Monaco
119. Mongolia
120. Montenegro
121. Morocco
122. Mozambique
123. Namibia
124. Nauru
125. Nepal
126. Netherlands
127. New Zealand
128. Nicaragua
129. Niger
130. Nigeria
131. Niue
132. Norway
133. Oman
134. Pakistan
135. Palau
136. Panama
137. Papua New Guinea
138. Paraguay
139. Peru
140. Philippines
141. Poland
142. Portugal
143. Qatar
144. Romania
145. Russian Federation
146. Rwanda
147. Saint Kitts and Nevis
148. Saint Lucia
149. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
150. Samoa
151. San Marino
152. Sao Tome and Principe
153. Saudi Arabia
154. Senegal
155. Serbia
156. Seychelles
157. Sierra Leone
158. Singapore
159. Slovakia
160. Slovenia
161. Solomon Islands
162. Somalia
163. South Africa
164. South Sudan
165. Spain
166. Sri Lanka
167. Sudan
168. Suriname
169. Swaziland
170. Sweden
171. Switzerland
172. Syria
173. Tajikistan
174. Tanzania
175. Thailand
176. Timor-Leste
177. Togo
178. Tokelau (associate member)
179. Tonga
180. Trinidad and Tobago
181. Tunisia
182. Turkey
183. Turkmenistan
184. Tuvalu
185. Uganda
186. Ukraine
187. United Arab Emirates
188. United Kingdom
189. United States
190. Uruguay
191. Uzbekistan
192. Vanuatu
193. Venezuela
194. Vietnam
195. Yemen
196. Zambia
197. Zimbabwe

The UN member state that is a non-member of the FAO is Liechtenstein.

Some countries may denote specific representatives to the FAO, for instance the United States Ambassador to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, who has ambassador rank and is also part of the United States Mission to the UN Agencies in Rome.

  FAO member states

  FAO associates

Criticism

1970s, 80s, 90s

There has been public criticism of FAO for at least 30 years. Dissatisfaction with the organisation's performance was among the reasons for the creation of two new organisations after the World Food Conference in 1974, namely the World Food Council and the International Fund for Agricultural Development; by the early eighties there was intense rivalry among these organisations. At the same time, the World Food Programme, which started as an experimental 3-year programme under FAO, was growing in size and independence, with the Directors of FAO and WFP struggling for power.

Early in 1989, the organisation came under attack from the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. The Foundation wrote that "The sad fact is that the FAO has become essentially irrelevant in combating hunger. A bloated bureaucracy known for the mediocrity of its work and the inefficiency of its staff the FAO in recent years has become increasingly politicised". In September of the same year, the journal Society published a series of articles about FAO that included a contribution from the Heritage Foundation and a response by FAO staff member, Richard Lydiker, who was later described by the Danish Minister for Agriculture (who had herself resigned from the organisation) as 'FAO's chief spokesman for non-transparency'.

Edouard Saouma, the Director-General of FAO, was also criticised in Graham Hancock's book Lords of Poverty, published in 1989. Mention is made of Saouma's 'fat pay packet', his 'autocratic' management style, and his 'control over the flow of public information'. Hancock concluded that "One gets the sense from all of this of an institution that has lost its way, departed from its purely humanitarian and developmental mandate, become confused about its place in the world – about exactly what it is doing, and why". Despite the criticism, Edouard Saouma served as DG for three consecutive terms from 1976 to 1993.

In 1990, the US State Department expressed the view that "The Food and Agriculture Organization has lagged behind other UN organizations in responding to US desires for improvements in program and budget processes to enhance value for money spent".

A year later, in 1991, The Ecologist magazine produced a special issue under the heading "The UN Food and Agriculture Organization: Promoting World Hunger". The magazine included articles that questioned FAO's policies and practices in forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and pest control. The articles were written by experts such as Helena Norberg-Hodge, Vandana Shiva, Edward Goldsmith, Miguel A. Altieri and Barbara Dinham.

2000s

The 2002 Food Summit organised by FAO was considered to be a waste of time by many of the official participants. Social movements, farmers, fisherfolk, pastoralists, indigenous peoples, environmentalists, women's organisations, trade unions and NGOs expressed their "collective disappointment in, and rejection of the official Declaration of the ... Summit".

In 2004, FAO produced a controversial report called 'Agricultural Biotechnology: meeting the needs of the poor?'. The report claimed that "agricultural biotechnology has real potential as a new tool in the war on hunger". In response to the report, more than 650 organisations from around the world signed an open letter in which they said "FAO has broken its commitment to civil society and peasants' organisations". The letter complained that organisations representing the interests of farmers had not been consulted, that FAO was siding with the biotechnology industry and, consequently, that the report "raises serious questions about the independence and intellectual integrity of an important United Nations agency". The Director General of FAO responded immediately, stating that decisions on biotechnology must "be taken at the international level by competent bodies" (in other words, not by non-governmental organizations). He acknowledged, however, that "biotechnology research is essentially driven by the world's top ten transnational corporations" and "the private sector protects its results with patents in order to earn from its investment and it concentrates on products that have no relevance to food in developing countries".

In May 2006, a British newspaper published the resignation letter of Louise Fresco, one of eight Assistant Directors-General of FAO. In her letter, the widely respected Dr Fresco stated that "the Organisation has been unable to adapt to a new era", that "our contribution and reputation have declined steadily" and "its leadership has not proposed bold options to overcome this crisis".

October 2006 saw delegates from 120 countries arrive in Rome for the 32nd Session of FAO's Committee on World Food Security. The event was widely criticised by Non-Government Organisations, but largely ignored by the mainstream media. Oxfam called for an end to the talk-fests while Via Campesina issued a statement that criticised FAO's policy of Food Security.

On 18 October 2007, the final report of an Independent External Evaluation of FAO was published. More than 400 pages in length, the evaluation was the first of its kind in the history of the Organization. It had been commissioned by decision of the 33rd Session of the FAO Conference in November 2005. The report concluded that "The Organization is today in a financial and programme crisis" but "the problems affecting the Organization today can all be solved".

Among the problems noted by the IEE: "The Organization has been conservative and slow to adapt", "FAO currently has a heavy and costly bureaucracy", and "The capacity of the Organization is declining and many of its core competencies are now imperiled".

Among the solutions: "A new Strategic Framework", "institutional culture change and reform of administrative and management systems".

The official response from FAO came on 29 October 2007: "Management supports the principal conclusion in the report of the IEE on the need for 'reform with growth' so as to have an FAO 'it for this century'".

Meanwhile, hundreds of FAO staff signed a petition in support of the IEE recommendations, calling for "a radical shift in management culture and spirit, depoliticization of appointments, restoration of trust between staff and management, [and] setting strategic priorities of the organization".

In conclusion the IEE stated that, "If FAO did not exist it would need to be invented".

In November 2008, a Special Conference of FAO member countries agreed a US$42.6 million (€38.6 million), three-year Immediate Plan of Action for "reform with growth" as recommended by an Independent External Evaluation (IEE).

Under the plan US$21.8 million, €15 million will be spent next year on overhauling the financial procedures, hierarchies and human resources management.

World food crisis

In May 2008, while talking about the ongoing world food crisis, President Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal expressed the opinion that FAO was "a waste of money" and "we must scrap it". Mr Wade said that FAO was itself largely to blame for the price rises, and that the organisation's work was duplicated by other bodies that operated more efficiently, like the UN's International Fund for Agricultural Development. However, this criticism may have had more to do with personal animosity between the President and the Director-General, himself a Senegalese, particularly in light of the significant differences in the work carried out by the two organizations.

In 2008, the FAO sponsored the High-Level Conference on World Food Security. The summit was notable for the lack of agreement over the issue of biofuels.

The response to the summit among Non-governmental organizations was mixed, with Oxfam stating that "the summit in Rome was an important first step in tackling the food crisis but greater action is now needed", while Maryam Rahmanian of Iran's Centre for Sustainable Development said "We are dismayed and disgusted to see the food crisis used to further the policies that have led us to the food crisis in the first place".

As with previous food summits, civil society organizations held a parallel meeting and issued their own declaration to "reject the corporate industrial and energy-intensive model of production and consumption that is the basis of continuing crises"

FAO renewal

The FAO Conference in November 2007 unanimously welcomed the IEE report and established a Conference Committee for the Follow-up to the Independent External Evaluation of FAO (CoC-IEE) to be chaired by the Independent Chairperson of Council, and open to full participation by all Members. The CoC-IEE was charged to review the IEE report and its recommendations and develop an Immediate Plan of Action (IPA) for their implementation.

A comprehensive programme of organizational reform and culture change began in 2008 after the release of an Independent External Evaluation. Headquarters restructuring and delegation of decision making created a flatter more responsive structure and reduced costs. Modernizing and streamlining of administrative and operational processes took place. Improved internal teamwork and closer external partnerships coupled with upgrading of IT infrastructure and greater autonomy of FAO's decentralized offices now allows the Organization to respond quickly where needs are greatest. As FAO is primarily a knowledge based organization, investing in human resources is a top priority. Capacity building including a leadership programme, employee rotation and a new junior professional programme were established. Individual performance management, an ethics and ombudsman officer and an independent office of evaluation were designed to improve performance through learning and strengthened oversight.

In January 2012, the Director-General José Graziano da Silva acted upon the commitment made during his campaign to bring the FAO reform to a successful and anticipated completion. In addition, the new Director-General shifted the focus of the reform process to realization of its benefits and mainstreaming the reform into the work of the Organization.

See also

• Agricultural Information Management Standards
• Agricultural Metadata Element Set
• Agricultural Ontology Service
• Agriculture and the environment
• Agris: International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and Technology
• AGROVOC
• CountrySTAT
• Dgroups
• FAO Building, Rome
• FAO Country Profiles
• Farmer Field School
• Food and Agriculture Organization officials
• Food safety
• Food security
• Food sovereignty
• Information Management Resource Kit (IMARK)
• Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
• International Mountain Day, 11 December
• OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Avian Influenza
• Overpopulation
• RIGA Project
• Right to food
• World Food Day, 16 October
• World Summit on Food Security

References

External links

• Official website

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. シェーグレン・ラルソン症候群 sjogren larsson syndrome
• 2. 先天性トキソプラズマ症：臨床的特徴および診断 congenital toxoplasmosis clinical features and diagnosis
• 3. アレルギー性疾患の予防のためのプレバイオティクスおよびプロバイオティクス prebiotics and probiotics for prevention of allergic disease
• 4. スタチン誘発性ミオパチー statin myopathy
• 5. 食品添加物に対するアレルギー反応および喘息反応を評価するための検査法およびチャレンジテスト testing and challenge procedures to evaluate allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives

English Journal

• A flow cytometry based competitive fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (CFIA) system for detecting up to six mycotoxins.

• Czeh A, Mandy F, Feher-Toth S, Torok L, Mike Z, Koszegi B, Lustyik G.SourceSoft Flow Hungary R&D Ltd. Pecs, Hungary; University of Pecs, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Pecs, Hungary.
• Journal of immunological methods.J Immunol Methods.2012 Oct 31;384(1-2):71-80. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
• BACKGROUND: Exposure to multiple mycotoxins through the food chain represents a major potential health hazard to both humans and livestock. They can cause a variety of severe acute as well as chronic diseases. Eliminating mycotoxins from various grain crops is a global health priority. According to
• PMID 22841575

• Organochlorine pesticide residues in bovine milk from organic farms in chiapas, Mexico.

• Gutiérrez R, Ruíz JL, Ortiz R, Vega S, Schettino B, Yamazaki A, de Lourdes Ramírez M.SourceLaboratorio de Análisis Instrumental, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Colonia Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, Mexico.
• Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.2012 Oct;89(4):882-7. Epub 2012 Aug 5.
• Thirty six samples of bovine milk were collected from Chiapas State, Mexico between January 2011 and December 2011 with the intention of identifying and quantifying organochlorine pesticide residues in organic farms. The analyses were done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (
• PMID 22864634

Japanese Journal

• CODEX INFORMATION FAO/WHO合同食品規格計画 第22回食品残留動物用医薬品部会(CCRVDF)

• 食品衛生研究 = Food sanitation research 65(10), 35-46, 2015-10
• NAID 40020614102

• FAO/WHO合同食品規格計画 第47回コーデックス食品添加物部会報告

• イルシー (122), 68-73, 2015-08
• NAID 40020565459

• FAO/WHO合同食品規格計画 第9回コーデックス汚染物質部会報告

• イルシー (122), 61-67, 2015-08
• NAID 40020565453

Related Links

• 国際連合食糧農業機関（FAO）日本事務所: ホーム

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: essential documents, statistics, maps and multimedia resources ... 一定の食品群の国際的な価格の月ごとの変化を計測しているFAO食料価格指数の2014年1月の指数は203.4 ...

• FAO.org

العربية 中文 english français Русский Español FAO.org About FAO In Action Countries Themes Media Publications Statistics Partnerships Farmers need urgent help to plant in the Central African Republic Missing the March ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「102B010」
リンク元	「国際連合」
関連記事	「FA」「F」

「102B010」

　　[★]

• 正しいのはどれか。2つ選べ。

• a. 国際労働機関 － ILO
• b. 国連食糧農業機関 － FAO
• c. 国際協力機構 － ODA
• d. 政府開発援助 － JICA
• e. 国連児童基金 － NPO

[正答]

AB

※国試ナビ4※　［102B009］←［国試_102］→［102B011］

「国際連合」

　　[★]

同

United Nations, UN, U.N.

同

国連

概要

国際連合は、国際連盟の反省をふまえて第二次世界大戦時の戦勝国である連合国 (第二次世界大戦) (United Nations) が中心となる。1945年10月24日に、アメリカ合衆国のカリフォルニア州サンフランシスコで発足した。最初の加盟国（原加盟国）は51ヵ国であった。

日本はテンプレート:和暦12月18日に80番目の加盟国となった。2006年6月末現在、国際連合の加盟国数は192ヵ国。最も新しい加盟国は、モンテネグロ（2006年6月28日加盟）である。国際連合の本部は、アメリカ合衆国のニューヨーク市マンハッタン島にある。

国際連合本部ビル（オスカー・ニーマイヤーを中心とした建築家国際委員会が設計）は老朽化しており、新館を建築家・槇文彦が設計予定。ただし、国際連合の資金難により計画は滞っている。

世界人権宣言

参考3

主要機関

• 総会

• 委員会

…

• 機関

• 国連開発計画, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP
• 国連環境計画, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP
• 国連人間居住センター, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat)
• 国連難民高等弁務官事務所 UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
• 国連パレスチナ難民救済事業機関, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA
• 国連貿易開発会議, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD
• 一次産品共通基金, Common Fund for Commodities
• UNCTADタングステン委員会, UNCTAD Committee on Tungsten
• 国連大学, United Nations University, UNU
• 国連訓練調査研修所, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR
• 世界食糧理事, World Food Council, WFC
• 国連児童基金, United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF
• 国連資本開発基金, United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF
• 国連人口基金, United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA
• 国連天然資源探査回転基金, United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration
• 国連ボランティア, United Nations Volunteers, UNV
• 国連薬物統制計画, United Nations International Drug Control Programme, UNDCP

• 安全保障理事会

• 加盟審査委員会
• 軍事参謀委員会
• 平和維持活動

• 経済社会理事会

• 信託統治理事会

• 国際司法裁判所

• 事務局

専門機関

14ある。独自の構成国、予算、本部を持ち、国連とは独立している。

• 国際労働機関, ILO
• 国連食糧農業機関, FAO
• 国連教育科学文化機関, UNESCO
• 世界保健機関, WHO
• 世界銀行
• 国際通貨基金, IMF
• 国際民間航空機関, ICAO
• 万国郵便連合, UPU
• 国際電気通信連合, ITU
• 世界気象機関, WMO
• 国際海事機関, IMO
• 世界知的所有権機関, WIPO
• 国際農業開発基金, IFAD
• 国連工業開発機関, UNIDO

類似機関

• 国際原子力機関 IAEA
• 世界貿易機関 WTO

国連の計画およびその他の機関：特定分野での活動を目的として、総会が設立。経済社会理事会と密接に協力し、ほとんどの場合、総会と経済社会理事会に報告責任を有する。

国連児童基金, UNICEF 国連パレスチナ難民救済事業機関, UNRWA 国連難民高等弁務官事務所, UNHCR 世界食糧計画, WFP 国連訓練調査研究所, UNITAR 国連貿易開発会議, UNCTAD 国連開発計画, UNDP 国連人口基金, UNFPA 国連環境計画, UNEP 国連大学, UNU 婦人の向上のための国際訓練研究所, INSTRAW 国連人間居住センター, UNCHS

参考

• 1. wiki ja

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88

• 2. 国際連合広報センター

http://unic.or.jp/index.php

• 3. 世界人権宣言

http://unic.or.jp/information/universal_declaration_of_human_rights_japanese/

• 4. 国連憲章

http://unic.or.jp/information/UN_charter_japanese/

「FA」

　　[★]

• ファンコーニ貧血 Fanconi anemia
• フシジン フシジン酸 fusidic acid
• 線維腺腫 fibroadenoma

「F」

　　[★] フェニルアラニン phenylalanine