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| 国連難民高等弁務官事務所 | |
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各国語表記
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees（英語） | |
| 概要 | 国際連合総会の補助機関 |
| 略称 | UNHCR |
| 代表 | フィリッポ・グランディ（英語版） |
| 状況 | 活動中 |
| 活動開始 | 1950年12月14日 |
| 本部 |
スイス・ジュネーヴ 北緯46度13分14.3秒 東経6度8分27.9秒 / 北緯46.220639度 東経6.141083度 / 46.220639; 6.141083 |
| 公式サイト | http://www.unhcr.org |
| Portal:国際連合 | |
| テンプレートを表示 | |
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国連難民高等弁務官事務所（こくれんなんみんこうとうべんむかんじむしょ、英語: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees、略称：UNHCR）は、1950年12月14日に設立された、国際連合の難民問題に関する機関。経済社会理事会との連携関係にある専門機関から総会の補助機関に改組された。
国連難民高等弁務官は、1951年に採択された難民の地位に関する条約と1967年の議定書に基づく国際連合による難民や国内避難民の保護など、難民に関する諸問題の解決を任務としており、高等弁務官事務所は高等弁務官の活動の補佐を行う組織である。本部は、スイスのジュネーヴに置かれている。
前身は、連合国救済復興機関（英語: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration=UNRRA、1943年 - 1948年）、そして、国際難民機関（英語：International Refugee Organization=IRO、1946年 - 1952年）である。その活動が認められ、1954年、1981年にノーベル平和賞を受賞している。
2000年には、設立50周年記念事業として難民教育基金が設立された。アメリカ女優のアンジェリーナ・ジョリーが2001年に親善大使、2012年に特使に任命されたことで注目を集めた。また、日本人ギタリストであるMIYAVIが、2017年11月に日本人として初めてのUNHCR親善大使に任命された。
正式名称は国連難民高等弁務官事務所(The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)であるが、あまりにも長い為に公式文書や報道以外では、余り使われず、略称のUNHCRが使われる。略称の正式な読み方はそのままアルファベット読みしたユーエヌエッチシーアールであるが、助けられたアフリカ難民らから自然にアンカーと呼ぶ呼び方が発生した。これは正しい読み方を知らなかった為に発生した誤読が始まりであったが、助けられた人々が敬意と尊敬、感謝をもって呼んだために、UNHCRは誤読だと否定しきれずに一部地域では定着している。余りにも広まり、また愛情を込めて呼ばれている為に、一時期UNHCR内部でも「アンカーを正式に認めてはどうか？」と会議になった事もあるが、UNをユーエヌと発言しないのは、公式に行えば国連機関である事を否定しかねないとの意見があった為にアンカーの正式採用は見送られた。正しい読み方はアルファベット読みであるとされるが、難民が愛称を込めてアンカーと呼ぶ様は否定しずらく、それらの事からアンカーとの通称をUNHCRは否定も肯定もしていない。
歴代の高等弁務官は、以下の通り。国連総会で選出され、任期5年。
| 代 | 高等弁務官 | 任期 | 国 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ゲリット・ジャン・ヴァン・ハーヴェン・グートハート（英語版） | 1951年 - 1956年 | オランダ | |
| 2 | オーグスト・R・リンツ（英語版） | 1956年 - 1960年 | スイス | |
| 3 | フェリックス・シュニーデル（英語版） | 1960年 - 1965年 | スイス | |
| 4 | サドルッディーン・アーガー・ハーン（英語版） | 1965年 - 1977年 | イラン | |
| 5 | ポール・ハートリング（英語版） | 1978年 - 1985年 | デンマーク | |
| 6 | ジャン＝ピエール・オッケ（ドイツ語版） | 1986年 - 1989年 | スイス | |
| 7 | トールヴァル・ストルテンベルク（英語版） | 1990年 | ノルウェー | |
| 8 | 緒方貞子 | 1990年 - 2000年 | 日本 | |
| 9 | ルード・ルベルス（英語版） | 2001年 - 2005年 | オランダ | |
| - | ウェンディー・チェンバリン（英語版）（代行） | 2005年 | アメリカ合衆国 | |
| 10 | アントニオ・グテーレス | 2005年 - 2015年 | ポルトガル | |
| 11 | フィリッポ・グランディ（英語版） | 2016年 - （現職） | イタリア | |
日本には、 国連大学本部ビルから移転し、東京都港区南青山に駐日事務所がある。2020年4月20日以降の駐日代表は、オーストラリア人のカレン・ファルカスである[1]。UNHCR駐日事務所は、日本にいる難民の支援・保護のため、日本政府や市民社会（NGO、法曹、学者等）と連携・協力し、それぞれの活動をサポートしている。個別の難民の支援において 難民支援協会（JAR）、日本弁護士連合会（日弁連）、日本国際社会事業団（ISSJ）などと連携している[2]。
日本におけるUNHCRの公式支援窓口として、2000年10月に設立された特定非営利活動法人国連UNHCR協会がある。
| ウィキメディア・コモンズには、国連難民高等弁務官事務所に関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
| この項目は、平和に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:平和）。 |
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| 典拠管理 |
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| Abbreviation | UNHCR, HCR |
|---|---|
| Formation | 14 December 1950; 70 years ago (1950-12-14) |
| Type | United Nations Programme |
| Legal status | Nonprofit |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
Head | High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi |
Parent organization | United Nations General Assembly United Nations Economic and Social Council |
| Website | www.unhcr.org |
| Politics portal | |
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a UN agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with over 17,300 staff working in 135 countries.[1]
UNHCR was created in 1950 to address the refugee crisis that resulted from World War II. The 1951 Refugee Convention established the scope and legal framework of the agency's work, which initially focused on Europeans uprooted by the war. Beginning in the late 1950s, displacement caused by other conflicts, from the Hungarian Uprising to the decolonization of Africa and Asia, broadened the scope of UNHCR's operations. Commensurate with the 1967 Protocol to the Refugee Convention, which expanded the geographic and temporal scope of refugee assistance, UNHCR operated across the world, with the bulk of its activities in developing countries.[2] By its 65th anniversary in 2015, the agency had assisted more 50 million refugees worldwide.
As of June 2020, UNHCR has over 20 million refugees under its mandate.[3] Consequently, its annual budget has grown from US$300,000 in 1951 to US$8.6 billion in 2019, making it one of the largest UN agencies by expenditure.[3][4] The vast majority of UNCHR's budget comes from voluntary contributions, mostly from member states; the largest donors are the United States, the European Union, and Germany.[5] The agency's work includes providing protection, shelter, healthcare and emergency relief, assisting in resettlement and repatriation, and advocating for national and multilateral policies on behalf of refugees.[6]
In recognition of its work, UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, in 1954 and 1981 and a Prince of Asturias Awards for International Cooperation in 1991.[7] It is a member of the United Nations Development Group, a consortium of organizations dedicated to sustainable development.[8]
Following the demise of the League of Nations and the formation of the United Nations the international community was acutely aware of the refugee crisis following the end of World War II. In 1947, the International Refugee Organization (IRO) was founded by the United Nations.[9] The IRO was the first international agency to deal comprehensively with all aspects of refugees' lives. Preceding this was the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which was established in 1944 to address the millions of people displaced across Europe as a result of World War II.[9]
In the late 1940s, the IRO fell out of favour, but the UN agreed that a body was required to oversee global refugee issues. Despite many heated debates in the General Assembly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was founded as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly by Resolution 319 (IV) of the United Nations General Assembly of December 1949. However, the organisation was only intended to operate for 3 years, from January 1951, due to the disagreement of many UN member states over the implications of a permanent body.[9]
UNHCR's mandate was originally set out in its statute, annexed to resolution 428 (V) of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950. This mandate has been subsequently broadened by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly and its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).[9] According to UNHCR,
[its] mandate is to provide, on a non-political and humanitarian basis, international protection to refugees and to seek permanent solutions for them.[9]
Soon after the signing of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, it became clear that refugees were not solely restricted to Europe. In 1956, UNHCR was involved in coordinating the response to the uprising in Hungary. Just a year later, UNHCR was tasked with dealing with Chinese refugees in Hong Kong, while also responding to Algerian refugees who had fled to Morocco and Tunisia in the wake of Algeria's war for independence. The responses marked the beginning of a wider, global mandate in refugee protection and humanitarian assistance.[9]
Decolonisation in the 1960s triggered large refugee movements in Africa, creating a massive challenge that would transform UNHCR; unlike the refugee crises in Europe, there were no durable solutions in Africa, and many refugees who fled one country only found instability in their new country of refuge. By the end of the decade, two-thirds of UNHCR's budget was focused on operations in Africa and in just one decade, the organization's focus had shifted from an almost exclusive focus on Europe.[9]
In 1967, the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees was ratified to remove the geographical and temporal restrictions of UNHCR under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. As the Convention was confined to the refugee crisis in the aftermath of World War II in Europe, the Protocol was made to address the “new refugee situations that have arisen since the Convention was adopted and the refugees concerned that may therefore not fall within the scope of the Convention”.[10]
In the 1970s, UNHCR refugee operations continued to spread around the globe, with the mass exodus of East Pakistanis to India shortly before the birth of Bangladesh. Adding to the woes in Asia was the Vietnam War, with millions fleeing Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.[9] The 1980s saw new challenges for UNHCR, with many member states unwilling to resettle refugees due to the sharp rise in refugee numbers over the 1970s. Often, these refugees were not fleeing wars between states, but inter-ethnic conflict in newly independent states. The targeting of civilians as military strategy added to the displacement in many nations, so even 'minor' conflicts could result in a large number of displaced persons. Whether in Asia, Central America or Africa, these conflicts, fueled by superpower rivalry and aggravated by socio-economic problems within the concerned countries, durable solutions continued to prove a massive challenge for the UNHCR. As a result, the UNHCR became more heavily involved with assistance programs within refugee camps, often located in hostile environments.[9] The end of the Cold War marked continued inter-ethnic conflict and contributed heavily to refugee flight. In addition, humanitarian intervention by multinational forces became more frequent and the media began to play a big role, particularly in the lead up to the 1999 NATO mission in Yugoslavia, while by contrast, the 1994 Rwandan Genocide had little attention. The genocide in Rwanda caused a massive refugee crisis, again highlighting the difficulties for UNHCR to uphold its mandate, and the UNHCR continued to battle against restrictive refugee policies in so called 'rich' nations.[9]
UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950[11] and succeeded the earlier United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees (other than Palestinian refugees, who are assisted by UNRWA) and resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another state, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.
UNHCR's mandate has gradually been expanded to include protecting and providing humanitarian assistance to whom it describes as other persons "of concern," including internally displaced persons (IDPs) who would fit the legal definition of a refugee under the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization for African Unity Convention, or some other treaty if they left their country, but who presently remain in their country of origin. UNHCR presently has major missions in Lebanon, South Sudan, Chad/Darfur, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Afghanistan as well as Kenya to assist and provide services to IDPs and refugees in camps and in urban settings.
UNHCR maintains a database of refugee information, ProGres, which was created during the Kosovo War in the 1990s. The database today contains data on over 11 million refugees or about 11% of all displaced persons globally. The database contains biometric data, including fingerprints and iris scans and is used to determine aid distribution for recipients. The results of using biometric verification have been successful. When introduced in Kenyan refugee camps of Kakuma and Dadaab in the year 2013, the UN World Food Programme was able to eliminate $1.4m in waste and fraud.[12]
To achieve its mandate, the UNHCR engages in activities both in the countries of interest and in countries with donors. This includes hosting expert roundtables to discuss issues of concern to the international refugee community.
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has a wider definition of "refugee" than does UNHCR, as it includes the patrilineal descendants of refugees resulting from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Refugees who meet the UNRWA definition are ineligible for assistance from UNHCR.
Several new programs have recently been introduced to support and to heighten awareness of the issues faced by refugees around the world. These two new programs are a product of the benchmarks set out by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
The UNHCR works in different regions of the world to raise awareness about the refugee crisis and the needs of these refugees.
Since 2009, the UNHCR acknowledged a large presence of migration and refugees in the Caribbean, where the refugee crisis remained largely unreported.[13] The issue stems from refugees who, instead of applying to the U.N., improperly search for asylum in the United States, ultimately failing to reach their destination and remaining in the Caribbean.[14] However, migrant laws in most of these nations lacked any protections for asylum-seekers, including the ability to be recognized as such.[13] In response, the UNHCR organized talks with these nations in Costa Rica in 2009,[14] seeking to address the lack of protections for refugees and their prosecution as unauthorized migrants.[13] A refugee-seeker applies through the U.N. for placement and an asylum-seeker applies within the Country in which asylum is sought. This is why some Countries label refugees as illegal when they did not apply through the U.N. for placement and entered the country unlawfully.
In 2007, UNHCR offices in Canada launched an aggressive media campaign to shed light on the plight of refugees.[15] This campaign was meant to humanize the refugee crisis by showing refugees living in the midst of disturbing conditions. Using emotional appeals to raise public awareness, the campaign hoped to increase the interest of particularly "30 to 45-year-old professionals who are generally well educated, well-read, but have not had direct experience or knowledge of refugee issues,”[15] according to fund-raising officer Jonathan Wade.
In Ireland, the UNHCR works to inform the public through different channels. The UNHCR in Ireland actively pursues media relations and "[they] supply the media with accurate and reliable information coupled with our unique insight based on our refugee protection mandate and role as one of the world’s leading humanitarian agencies".[16] It also engages its community by holding public events with the aim of informing people about current refugee crises. One of these is the annual UNHCR/SARI Fair play Football Cup.[16]
The UNHCR was prominent in helping Syrian refugees in Lebanon. When the Lebanese government was unable to withstand the influx of refugees, the UNHCR stepped in and eased the displacement for the refugees mainly by offering food and healthcare. They also helped register the refugees, so they would not be considered illegal in the eyes of the Lebanese government (Janmyr).
Many contemporary artists had art workshops and art project and took many initiatives for refugees including artist Ai Weiwei and Anish Kapoor led London walk of compassion for refugees walking from the Royal Academy of Arts to the Orbit. Among art exhibitions and artworks on refugees, celebrity artist Ai Weiwei created an inflatable artwork is 230 feet long which he exhibited at Prague's National Gallery and Sydney Biennale in 2018,The human rights activist has brought a 196-foot-long inflatable installation to Sydney's Cockatoo Island as one of the cornerstones of the Biennale of Sydney exhibition. Ai states: ‘There’s no refugee crisis, only a human crisis… In dealing with refugees we’ve lost our very basic values. In this time of uncertainty, we need more tolerance, compassion and trust for each other, since we are all one, otherwise humanity will face an even bigger crisis.’ Danish artist OLAFUR ELIASSON’S GREEN LIGHT welcomes conversation about refugee crisis. In Paris walls along the Seine a photo exhibition along the banks included a 370-meter long panorama featuring portraits of refugees and photographs titled “Dreams of Humanity” taken by Syrian refugee children living in Iraq which was organized in collaboration with famous photojournalist Reza in partnership with UNHCR. Bangladeshi artist Firoz Mahmud has been conducting an art project on refugees, displaced people and minorities, titling 'Soaked Dream project' of dream and future desire of those deprived and underprivileged people which he exhibited at Bangkok Art Biennale curated by Apinan Poshyananda, Lahore Biennale, Dhaka Art Summit, MAXXI Rome, Office for Contemporary Art, Oslo and many cities in the world. The Harmony Art Collective had an exhibition of young refugees made murals together in Darling Quarter, Sydney.
As UNHCR is a programme governed by the UN General Assembly, and the UN Economic and Social Council, it cooperates with many other programs and agencies under the United Nations in order to effectively protect the rights of refugees.
On 19 September 2016, UN General Assembly hosted the UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants, a high-level summit to address large movements of refugees and migrants, with the aim of bringing countries together behind a more humane and coordinated approach.[17] Leaders of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, and The World Bank were present. The summit addressed the root causes and drive for migration and the necessity of global cooperation. As a result of this summit, the United Nations unveiled a draft set of principles that urge the international community to build on the momentum set by the adoption of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (2016).[18][19] Specifically, the 20 draft principles focus on human rights; non-discrimination; rescue and assistance; access to justice; border governance; returns; violence; detention; family unity; child migrants; women migrants; right to health; adequate standard of living; decent work; right to education; right to information; monitoring and accountability; migrants’ human rights defenders; data; and international cooperation.[20]
On 28 September 2016, the UNHCR partnered with the UN Food and Agricultural Organization in Tehran for the Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees. FAO highlighted the contributions to be made by FAO towards SSAR objectives on livelihood related activities including livestock and fishery initiatives as well as nutritional projects in Iranian schools.
FAO and UNHCR are committed to increasing refugees’ access to livelihood opportunities and reducing dependency on humanitarian aid. Of late, a joint livelihood strategy for South Sudan was launched looking to address this issue with a clearly defined action plan. The strategy targets both refugees (70 percent) and local communities (30 percent) in refugee-hosting areas across the country.[21]
Since 1954, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award has been annually awarded to a person or an organization in recognition of outstanding service to the cause of refugees, displaced or stateless people.
The UNHCR itself was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954 and 1981. The UNHCR was awarded the Indira Gandhi Prize in 2015.
In 1991 was awarded with the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.[22]
Refugee camp in Darfur (Chad)
A helicopter arrives at a refugee facility in Macedonia with an underslung load of Aid
Trucks loaded with supplies drive across the border from Turkey into Iraq to take part in Operation Provide Comfort, a multinational effort to aid Kurdish refugees
An UNHCR-officer talks with a Marine during Exercise Eager Lion 12
Workers from the UNHCR, and CARE International gather bundles of shelters and mosquito nets in Kenya
Heavily fortified UNHCR offices in Somaliland
A UNHCR refugee camp at Baharka - Iraq
UNHCR Camp, Kurdistan (North-Iraq) June 2014
UNHCR Camp, Kurdistan (North-Iraq) June 2014
Inside the refugee camps of northern Iraq
The UNHCR's Mid-Year Trends report of June 2015 (based on information for mid-2015 or latest available information up to that date) reported an "unprecedented" 57,959,702 individuals falling under its mandate (for reference, on January the 1st, 2007, 21,018,589 people - or less than half of the number in 2015 - fell under the mandate of the UNHCR). The sharp increase was mainly attributed to the Syrian Civil War, "with the outbreak of armed crises or the deterioration of ongoing ones in countries like Afghanistan, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Somalia, South Sudan and the Ukraine contributing to prevailing trends."[23]
Persons of concern include refugees and asylum-seekers, people in refugee-like conditions, internally-displaced people (IDPs), stateless persons and "others of concern to the UNHCR".
Sorted by the UNHCR bureau in which refuge or asylum is sought, the number for June 2015 included:
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Refugees (incl. refugee-like situations)
Asylum-seekers (pending cases)
Returned refugees
Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
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Returned IDPs
Stateless persons
Others of concern
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As of November 2018[update], the UNHCR employed a staff of 16,765 people in 138 countries.[24]
| High Commissioner of the UNHCR | |
|---|---|
Incumbent Filippo Grandi since January 2016 | |
| High Commissioner for Refugees | |
| Reports to | UN General Assembly |
| Appointer | UN General Assembly |
| Term length | 5 years |
| Formation | 1 January 1951; 70 years ago (1951-01-01) |
| First holder | Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart |
| Website | Official website |
The UN General Assembly elects High Commissioners every five years. High Commissioners are supported by the 'Executive Committee to the High Commissioner's Programme' and he or she has to make annual reports to the UN General Assembly and needs to follow their directives.[25] The current High Commissioner is Filippo Grandi, who has held the post since 1 January 2016.[26] Prior to the establishment of the UNHCR, Fridtjof Nansen was the League's High Commissioner for Refugees. The post of High Commissioner has been held by:[27]
| No. | Portrait | High Commissioner | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Nansen, FridtjofFridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) League of Nations High Commissioner | 1 September 1921 | 1927 | 4–5 years | Norway | |
| 1 | Goedhart, Gerrit Jan van HeuvenGerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart (1901–1956) | 1 January 1951 | 8 July 1956 | 5 years, 189 days | Netherlands | |
| 2 | Lindt, August R.August R. Lindt (1905–2000) | 8 July 1956 | 3 November 1960 | 4 years, 118 days | Switzerland | |
| 3 | Schnyder, FélixFélix Schnyder (1910–1992) | 3 November 1960 | 31 December 1965 | 5 years, 58 days | Switzerland | |
| 4 | Khan, Sadruddin AgaSadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003) | 1 January 1966 | 31 December 1977 | 11 years, 364 days | Iran | |
| 5 | Hartling, PoulPoul Hartling (1914–2000) | 1 January 1978 | 31 December 1985 | 7 years, 364 days | Denmark | |
| 6 | Hocké, Jean-PierreJean-Pierre Hocké [de] (born 1938) | 1 January 1986 | 31 December 1989 | 3 years, 364 days | Switzerland | |
| 7 | Stoltenberg, ThorvaldThorvald Stoltenberg (1931–2018) | 1 January 1990 | 3 November 1990 | 306 days | Norway | |
| 8 | Ogata, SadakoSadako Ogata (1927–2019) | 3 November 1990 | 31 December 2000 | 10 years, 59 days | Japan | |
| 9 | Lubbers, RuudRuud Lubbers (1939–2018) (Resigned due to internal investigation) | 1 January 2001 | 20 February 2005 | 4 years, 50 days | Netherlands | |
| – | Chamberlin, WendyWendy Chamberlin (born 1948) Acting | 24 February 2005 | 2 June 2005 | 98 days | United States | |
| 10 | Guterres, AntónioAntónio Guterres (born 1949) | 2 June 2005 | 31 December 2015 | 10 years, 212 days | Portugal | |
| 11 | Grandi, FilippoFilippo Grandi (born 1957) | 1 January 2016 | Incumbent | 5 years, 103 days | Italy |
After 10 years serving as a Goodwill Ambassador, Angelina Jolie was promoted in 2012 to Special Envoy to the High Commissioner. In this role she represents the UNHCR and High Commissioner Filipo Grandi at the diplomatic level and works to facilitate long-term solutions for people displaced by large-scale crises, such as Afghanistan and Somalia. "This is an exceptional position reflecting an exceptional role she has played for us," said a UNHCR spokesman.
UNHCR is also represented by a number of UNHCR Goodwill Ambassadors, who at present are:
Previous ambassadors include:
According to some scholars, with time UNHCR left an initial preference for asylum and resettlement policies, tending to prefer repatriation measures of refugees instead. Sometimes, this might have led the agency's bureaucratic apparatus to adopt pathological behaviours.[28]
An example of the latter might be considered[according to whom?] the handling of the 1995 Rohingyan crisis. At the time, thousands of Rohingyans were fleeing Burma (or Myanmar), seeking shelter in UNHCR camps in Bangladesh. According to some,[who?] UNHCR has been decisive in promoting the repatriation of refugees, although NGOs on the field and the UN were skeptical about better political and security conditions in Burma.[29][citation needed]
Also, controversies arose on the methods with which the UNHCR staff was conducting surveys in the camps to establish if refugees were willing to move back to Burma or not.[29]
Janmyr, Maja. 2016. “Precarity in Exile: The Legal Status of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”. Refugee Survey Quarterly, no. 35 (November): 58–78.
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| 国試過去問 | 「111E030」「104E035」 |
| リンク元 | 「国際連合」「国際連合難民高等弁務官事務所」 |
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※国試ナビ4※ ［111E029］←［国試_111］→［111E031］
A
※国試ナビ4※ ［104E034］←［国試_104］→［104E036］
国際連合は、国際連盟の反省をふまえて第二次世界大戦時の戦勝国である連合国 (第二次世界大戦) (United Nations) が中心となる。1945年10月24日に、アメリカ合衆国のカリフォルニア州サンフランシスコで発足した。最初の加盟国（原加盟国）は51ヵ国であった。
日本はテンプレート:和暦12月18日に80番目の加盟国となった。2006年6月末現在、国際連合の加盟国数は192ヵ国。最も新しい加盟国は、モンテネグロ（2006年6月28日加盟）である。国際連合の本部は、アメリカ合衆国のニューヨーク市マンハッタン島にある。
国際連合本部ビル（オスカー・ニーマイヤーを中心とした建築家国際委員会が設計）は老朽化しており、新館を建築家・槇文彦が設計予定。ただし、国際連合の資金難により計画は滞っている。
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国連児童基金, UNICEF 国連パレスチナ難民救済事業機関, UNRWA 国連難民高等弁務官事務所, UNHCR 世界食糧計画, WFP 国連訓練調査研究所, UNITAR 国連貿易開発会議, UNCTAD 国連開発計画, UNDP 国連人口基金, UNFPA 国連環境計画, UNEP 国連大学, UNU 婦人の向上のための国際訓練研究所, INSTRAW 国連人間居住センター, UNCHS