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- ユネスコ,国際連合教育・科学・文化機構
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/18 16:32:38」(JST)
wiki ja
| 国際連合教育科学文化機関 | |
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各国語表記
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（英語） |
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国際連合教育科学文化機関の旗
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| 概要 | 専門機関 |
| 略称 | UNESCO、ユネスコ |
| 代表 | イリナ・ボコヴァ |
| 状況 | 活動中 |
| 活動開始 | 1946年11月4日 |
| 本部 | フランス・パリ |
| 公式サイト | 国際連合教育科学文化機関 |
| UNESCO Portal:国際連合 |
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| テンプレートを表示 | |
ユネスコ本部庁舎と平和の庭園（日本庭園）
日本ユネスコ国内委員会が入居する霞が関コモンゲート東館（右側）
国際連合教育科学文化機関（こくさいれんごうきょういくかがくぶんかきかん、フランス語：Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture、英語：United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ユネスコ）は、国際連合の経済社会理事会の下におかれた、教育、科学、文化の発展と推進を目的として、1945年11月に44カ国の代表が集いロンドンで開催された国連会議"United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization" (ECO/CONF)において11月16日に採択された[1] 「国際連合教育科学文化機関憲章」（ユネスコ憲章）に基づいて1946年11月4日に設立された国際連合の専門機関である。分担金(2011年現在)の最大の拠出国は米国、2位は日本である。
目次
- 1 概要と歴史
- 2 歴代事務局長
- 3 ワールド・デジタル・ライブラリー
- 4 脚注
- 5 関連項目
- 6 外部リンク
概要と歴史
英語の正式名称は United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization。その頭字語である UNESCO （英語発音: [juːˈneskou] ィユーネスコウ）も公式に用いられ、日本語では「ユネスコ」と称する。フランス語の場合はOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture。頭字語はONUÉSCと称する。本部はフランスのパリにある。
教育や文化の振興を通じて、戦争の悲劇を繰り返さないとの理念により設立の意義を定めたユネスコ憲章の前文には「戦争は人の心の中で生まれるものであるから、人の心の中に平和の砦を築かなければならない」との文言があり、設立の目的とその精神を顕著に表している。
活動にあたっては、重点的に推進する目標として「万人のための基礎教育」「文化の多様性の保護および文明間対話の促進」などを定める。それに基づき、例えば前者に関しては識字率の向上や義務教育の普及のための活動、後者については世界遺産の登録と保護、文化多様性条約の採択のほか、歴史的記録遺産を保全するユネスコ記憶遺産（世界の記憶）事業などを実施する。そのほか、極度の貧困の半減、普遍的初等教育の達成、初等・中等教育における男女差別の解消、持続可能な開発のための教育、危機に瀕する言語の保護などを内容とするミレニアム開発目標など、国際開発目標達成を目指す。
1980年代には、放漫財政等のマネージメントの問題に加え、活動が「政治化」していることのほか、当時のムボウ事務局長が提唱した「新世界情報秩序」がジャーナリストの認可制を導入し報道の自由を制限するものだとして、アメリカ合衆国、イギリスが脱退し、ユネスコの存続は危機に立たされた。この間、日本は、ユネスコにとどまり、分担金の約4分の1近くを担う最大の拠出国として、ユネスコの存続に大きな役割を果たした。結局、政治的偏向や報道の自由に対する問題を解消したマヨール事務局長につづき、松浦事務局長のもと管理運営についても全般的な改革がなされ、英国が1997年7月に、米国が2003年10月にそれぞれ復帰する。このように、松浦事務局長の改革については高く評価され、総会や執行委員会でも多くの加盟国から繰り返し表明された。一方で、改革の根幹であるRBMの進展やプログラムの整理、官僚主義的な組織機構について、さらなる取組も求められた。
ユネスコ活動の普及と理解促進のため、世界の著名人を「ユネスコ親善大使」に任命し、様々な活動を行っている。日本では、日本ユネスコ国内委員会を中心に活動する。
2013年11月現在の加盟国数は195ヶ国[2][3]、準加盟9地域[4]である。日本は1951年7月2日に加盟[5]。最も新しい加盟国はパレスチナである。2011年10月31日に総会が開かれ賛成107、反対14、棄権52で国としての正式加盟を承認した。アメリカ、イスラエルなどは反対し、日本などは棄権[6]。アメリカ国務省は、この決議案採択への対抗措置として分担金の停止を明らかにした。イスラエルの外務省は、パレスチナを非難するとともにユネスコとの協力関係について再検討するとしている。一方、分担金負担停止から2年経過した2013年、両国は議事への投票資格が停止された。
歴代事務局長
| 代 | 事務局長 | 出身国 | 在任期間 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ジュリアン・ハクスリー | イギリス | 1946年12月 - 1948年12月 | |
| 2 | ハイメ・トレス・ボデー | メキシコ | 1948年12月 - 1952年12月 | |
| 代 理 |
ジョン・W・テイラー | アメリカ | 1952年12月 - 1953年7月 | |
| 3 | ルーサー・H・エバンス | アメリカ | 1953年7月 - 1958年12月 | |
| 4 | ヴィットリーノ・ヴェロネーゼ | イタリア | 1958年12月 - 1961年11月 | |
| 代 理 |
ルネ・マウ | フランス | 1961年11月 - 1962年11月 | |
| 5 | ルネ・マウ | フランス | 1962年11月 - 1974年11月 | |
| 6 | アマドゥ・マハタール・ムボウ | セネガル | 1974年11月 - 1987年11月 | |
| 7 | フェデリコ・マヨール | スペイン | 1987年11月 - 1999年11月 | |
| 8 | 松浦晃一郎 | 日本 | 1999年11月 - 2009年11月 | |
| 9 | イリナ・ボコヴァ | ブルガリア | 2009年11月 - （現職） | |
ワールド・デジタル・ライブラリー
詳細は「ワールド・デジタル・ライブラリー」を参照
ユネスコは2005年より電子図書館プロジェクト（World Digital Library、WDL）に取り組んできたが2009年4月21日にインターネット上にて公開された。このウエブサイトでは各国の文化資料を地域別、テーマ別、年代別に横断して一望でき、一般の利用者、研究者の別なく無料で閲覧できる。
展示資料は、米国議会図書館、アレクサンドリア図書館（エジプト）、国立国会図書館（日本）など世界の32機関が参加し、現在、書籍・手稿・地図・写真・動画など、約1200点のコンテンツが閲覧できる。
脚注
| [ヘルプ] |
- ^ “United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Held at the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, from 1 to 16 November 1945. ECO/Conf./29. UNESDOC database (PDF)”. 2014年11月4日閲覧。
- ^ 加盟国 （英語）、UNESCO。これにパレスチナが加わる。
- ^ リヒテンシュタインを除いた国際連合加盟国192ヶ国、ならびにパレスチナ、クック諸島、ニウエの3ヶ国・地域
- ^ イギリス領のアンギラ、英領ヴァージン諸島、ケイマン諸島、オランダ領のアルバ、キュラソー、シント・マールテン、デンマーク領のフェロー諸島、中国特別行政区のマカオ、ニュージーランド自治領のトケラウの9地域。
- ^ 1951年（昭和26年）10月6日外務省告示第5号「在日連合王国連絡使節団から国際連合教育科学文化機関へのわが国の加盟に関しての通知趣旨受領」
- ^ “パレスチナ、ユネスコ加盟…米は「時期尚早」”. 読売新聞. (2011年11月1日). オリジナルの2011年11月2日時点によるアーカイブ。. http://web.archive.org/web/20111102010741/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/world/news/20111031-OYT1T01157.htm 2013年11月23日閲覧。
関連項目
- 世界遺産
- 無形文化遺産
- ユネスコ国際作曲家会議（International Rostrum of Composers）
- ユネスコ国際電子音響音楽会議（International Rostrum of Electroacoustic Music）
- 国際連合児童基金（ユニセフ）
- 文部科学省
- 朝吹三吉
- ロレアル-ユネスコ女性科学者 日本奨励賞
- ユネスコ・スクール
- 国際社会科学協議会（ISSC）
- 国際団体連合（UIA）
外部リンク
- 国際連合教育科学文化機関
- 日本ユネスコ国内委員会
- 国際連合教育科学文化機関日本政府代表部
- World Digital Library
- 公益社団法人日本ユネスコ協会連盟
- 財団法人ユネスコ・アジア文化センター
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| この項目は、教育に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:教育）。 |
座標: 北緯48度51分0秒 東経2度18分22秒 / 北緯48.85000度 東経2.30611度 / 48.85000; 2.30611 (UNESCO本部ビル)
wiki en
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
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| Abbreviation | UNESCO ONUESC |
|---|---|
| Formation | 16 November 1945[1] |
| Type | Specialized agency |
| Legal status | Active |
| Headquarters | Place de Fontenoy, Paris, France |
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Membership
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195 member states |
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Head
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Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO |
| Website | www |
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter.[1] It is the heir of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
UNESCO has 195 member states[2] and nine associate members.[3][4] Most of its field offices are "cluster" offices covering three or more countries; national and regional offices also exist.
UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture, and communication/information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes; international science programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional and cultural history projects; the promotion of cultural diversity; translations of world literature; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group.[5]
UNESCO's aim is "to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information".[6] Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical challenges, fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.[7]
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community — as set out in the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) — underpin all UNESCO's strategies and activities.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Activities
- 3 Official UNESCO NGOs
- 4 Institutes and centres
- 5 Official list of UNESCO prizes
- 5.1 Inactive prizes
- 6 International Days observed at UNESCO
- 7 Member states
- 8 Governing bodies
- 8.1 Director-General
- 8.2 General Conference
- 9 Offices
- 9.1 Field offices by region
- 9.1.1 Africa
- 9.1.2 Arab States
- 9.1.3 Asia and Pacific
- 9.1.4 Europe and North America
- 9.1.5 Latin America and the Caribbean
- 9.1 Field offices by region
- 10 Controversy and reform
- 10.1 New World Information and Communication order
- 10.2 Israel
- 10.3 Palestinian Authority
- 10.3.1 Palestinian Youth Magazine controversy
- 10.3.2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy
- 10.4 Wikileaks
- 11 Products or services
- 12 References and notes
- 13 See also
- 14 External links
History
UNESCO and its mandate for international co-operation can be traced back to the League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study feasibility.[8] On 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development.[9] However, the work of these predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II.
After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented. A prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom.[10] At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established.[11] The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state.[12]
The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to the post of Director-General.[13] The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act in their personal capacity.[14] This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in terms of how member states would work together in the organization's fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO's mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the organization's operations in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.
Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism, for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss) and other scientists in 1950[15] and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.[16] In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organization's publications amounted to "interference" in the country's "racial problems."[17] South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.
UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.[18] This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.[19] In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal.[20] In 1990 the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.[21] Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.[22]
UNESCO's early activities in the field of culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.[23] The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam. During the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur (Indonesia) and the Acropolis (Greece). The organization's work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.[24] The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978.[25] Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[26]) and 2005 (Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions[27]).
An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)[28] in 1954.
Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.[29] In 1968, UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a problem which continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development. The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.[30]
In the field of communication, the free flow of information has been a priority for UNESCO from its beginnings. In the years immediately following World War II, efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s.[31] In response to calls for a "New World Information and Communication Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems,[32] which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the Chair of the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride).[33] Following the MacBride report, UNESCO introduced the Information Society for All[34] programme and Toward Knowledge Societies[35] programme in the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003 (Geneva) and 2005 (Tunis).
In 2011, Palestine became a UNESCO member following a vote in which 107 member states supported and 14 opposed.[36][37] Laws passed in the United States in 1990 and 1994 mean that it cannot contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member. As a result, it withdrew its funding which accounted for about 22% of UNESCO's budget.[38] Israel also reacted to Palestine's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposing sanctions to the Palestinian Authority,[39] claiming that Palestine's admittance would be detrimental "to potential peace talks".[40] Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO, US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013.[41]
Activities
UNESCO offices in Brasília
UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas of Education, Natural Sciences, Social and Human Sciences, Culture, and Communication and Information.
- Education: UNESCO supports research in comparative education; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all. This includes the
- UNESCO Chairs, an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries.
- Environmental Conservation Organisation
- Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted in 1960
- Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an interval of 12 years
- Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
- UNESCO ASPNet, an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning.[42]
- UNESCO also issues public 'statements' to educate the public:
- Seville Statement on Violence: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.
- Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance, such as:
- International Network of Geoparks
- Biosphere reserves, through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), since 1971
- City of Literature; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was Edinburgh, the site of Scotland's first circulating library.[43] In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of Literature.
- Endangered languages and linguistic diversity projects
- Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
- Memory of the World International Register, since 1997
- Water resources management, through the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), since 1965
- World Heritage Sites
- Encouraging the "free flow of ideas by images and words" by:
- Promoting freedom of expression, Freedom of the press and Freedom of information legislation, through the International Programme for the Development of Communication and the Communication and Information Programme
- Promoting universal access to ICTs, through the Information for All Programme
- Promoting Pluralism and cultural diversity in the media
- Promoting events, such as:
- International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World: 2001–2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998
- World Press Freedom Day, 3 May each year, to promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy, democratic and free society.
- Criança Esperança in Brazil, in partnership with Rede Globo, to raise funds for community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.
- International Literacy Day
- International Year for the Culture of Peace
- Founding and funding projects, such as:
- Migration Museums Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations.[44]
- UNESCO-CEPES, the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel. Higher Education in Europe is its official journal.
- Free Software Directory: since 1998 UNESCO and the Free Software Foundation have jointly funded this project cataloguing free software.
- FRESH Focussing Resources on Effective School Health.[45]
- OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
- International Council of Science
- UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
- ASOMPS, Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, a series of scientific conferences held in Asia
- Botany 2000, a programme supporting taxonomy, and biological and cultural diversity of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against environmental pollution
- The UNESCO Collection of Representative Works, translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages, from 1948 to 2005
- GoUNESCO, an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO, New Delhi Office [46]
Official UNESCO NGOs
UNESCO enjoys official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[47] Most of these are what UNESCO calls "operational", a select few are "formal".[48] The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs[49] with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:
| Abbr | Organization |
|---|---|
| IB | International Baccalaureate |
| CCIVS | Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service |
| EI | Education International |
| IAU | International Association of Universities |
| IFTC | International Council for Film, Television and Audiovisual Communication |
| ICPHS | International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies which publishes Diogenes |
| ICSU | International Council for Science |
| ICOM | International Council of Museums |
| ICSSPE | International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education |
| ICA | International Council on Archives |
| ICOMOS | International Council on Monuments and Sites |
| IFJ | International Federation of Journalists |
| IFLA | International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions |
| IFPA | International Federation of Poetry Associations |
| IMC | International Music Council |
| IPA | International Police Association |
| INSULA | International Scientific Council for Island Development |
| ISSC | International Social Science Council |
| ITI | International Theatre Institute |
| IUCN | International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
| IUTAO | International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations |
| UIA | Union of International Associations |
| WAN | World Association of Newspapers |
| WFEO | World Federation of Engineering Organizations |
| WFUCA | World Federation of UNESCO Clubs, Centres and Associations |
UNESCO Institute for Water Education in Delft
Institutes and centres
The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO's programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.
| Abbr | Name | Location |
|---|---|---|
| IBE | International Bureau of Education | Geneva[50] |
| UIL | UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning | Hamburg[51] |
| IIEP | UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning | Paris (headquarters) and Buenos Aires (regional office)[52] |
| IITE | UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education | Moscow[53] |
| IICBA | UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa | Addis Ababa[54] |
| IESALC | UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean | Caracas[55] |
| UICTVET | UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training | Bonn[56] |
| CEPES | UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education | Bucharest[57] |
| UNESCO-IHE | UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education | Delft[58] |
| ICTP | International Centre for Theoretical Physics | Trieste[59] |
| UIS | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | Montreal[60] |
| UNESCO VG | UNESCO Centre British Virgin Islands | BVI official site |
Official list of UNESCO prizes
UNESCO currently awards 22 prizes[61] in education, science, culture and peace:
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
- L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science
- UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize
- UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy
- UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
- UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education
- UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
- UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science
- UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health
- UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation
- Great Man-Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)
- Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management
- UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights
- UNESCO Prize for Peace Education
- UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence
- UNESCO/International José Martí Prize
- UNESCO/Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
- UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean
- Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
- Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes (UNESCO-Greece)
- IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication
- UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize
- UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize
Inactive prizes
- Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology (inactive since 2005)
- International Simón Bolívar Prize (inactive since 2004)
- UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education
- UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive since 2010)
- UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts
International Days observed at UNESCO
International Days [62]
| Day | Name |
|---|---|
| 27 January | International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust |
| 13 February | World Radio Day |
| 21 February | International Mother Language Day |
| 8 March | International Women's Day |
| 20 March | International Francophonie Day |
| 21 March | International Day of Nowruz |
| 21 March | World Poetry Day |
| 21 March | International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |
| 22 March | World Day for Water |
| 23 April | World Book and Copyright Day |
| 30 April | International Jazz Day |
| 3 May | World Press Freedom Day |
| 21 May | World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development |
| 22 May | International Day for Biological Diversity |
| 25 May | Africa Day / Africa Week |
| 5 June | World Environment Day |
| 8 June | World Oceans Day |
| 9 August | International Day of the World's Indigenous People |
| 12 August | International Youth Day |
| 23 August | International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition |
| 8 September | International Literacy Day |
| 15 September | International Day of Democracy |
| 21 September | International Day of Peace |
| 5 October | World Teachers' Day |
| 2nd Wednesday in October | International Day for Disaster Reduction |
| 17 October | International Day for the Eradication of Poverty |
| 20 October | World Statistics Day |
| 27 October | World Day for Audiovisual Heritage |
| 10 November | World Science Day for Peace and Development |
| 3rd Thursday in November | World Philosophy Day |
| 16 November | International Day for Tolerance |
| 19 November | International Men's Day |
| 25 November | International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women |
| 29 November | International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People |
| 1 December | World AIDS Day |
| 10 December | Human Rights Day |
| 18 December | International Migrants Day |
Member states
Main article: Member states of UNESCO
Now UNESCO counts 195 member states and 9 associate members.[63] Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories.[64] UNESCO state parties are most of the United Nations member states (except Liechtenstein), Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine.[65][66]
Governing bodies
Director-General
Elections for the renewal of the position of Director-General took place in Paris from 7 to 23 September 2009. Eight candidates ran for the position, and 58 countries[67] voted for them. The Executive Council gathered from 7 to 23 September, the vote itself beginning on the 17th. Irina Bokova was elected the new Director-General.
The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows:[68]
| Irina Bokova | Bulgaria | 2009–present |
| Koïchiro Matsuura | Japan | 1999–2009 |
| Federico Mayor Zaragoza | Spain | 1987–99 |
| Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow | Senegal | 1974–87 |
| René Maheu | France | 1961–74; acting 1961 |
| Vittorino Veronese | Italy | 1958–61 |
| Luther Evans | United States | 1953–58 |
| John Wilkinson Taylor | United States | acting 1952–53 |
| Jaime Torres Bodet | Mexico | 1948–52 |
| Julian Huxley | Great Britain | 1946–48 |
General Conference
This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Conference held since 1946:[69]
| Session | Location | Year | Chaired by | from |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37th | Paris | 2013 | Hao Ping | China |
| 36th | Paris | 2011 | Katalin Bogyay | Hungary |
| 35th | Paris | 2009 | Davidson Hepburn | Bahamas |
| 34th | Paris | 2007 | George N. Anastassopoulos | Greece |
| 33rd | Paris | 2005 | Musa bin Jaafar bin Hassan | Oman |
| 32nd | Paris | 2003 | Michael Omolewa | Nigeria |
| 31st | Paris | 2001 | Ahmad Jalali | Iran |
| 30th | Paris | 1999 | Jaroslava Moserova | Czech Republic |
| 29th | Paris | 1997 | Eduardo Portella | Brazil |
| 28th | Paris | 1995 | Torben Krogh | Denmark |
| 27th | Paris | 1993 | Ahmed Saleh Sayyad | Yemen |
| 26th | Paris | 1991 | Bethwell Allan Ogot | Kenya |
| 25th | Paris | 1989 | Anwar Ibrahim | Malaysia |
| 24th | Paris | 1987 | Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez | Guatemala |
| 23rd | Sofia | 1985 | Nikolaï Todorov | Bulgaria |
| 22nd | Paris | 1983 | Saïd Tell | Jordan |
| 4th extraordinary | Paris | 1982 | ||
| 21st | Belgrade | 1980 | Ivo Margan | Zambia |
| 20th | Paris | 1978 | Napoléon LeBlanc | Canada |
| 19th | Nairobi | 1976 | Taaita Toweett | Kenya |
| 18th | Paris | 1974 | Magda Jóború | Hungary |
| 3rd extraordinary | Paris | 1973 | ||
| 17th | Paris | 1972 | Toru Haguiwara | Japan |
| 16th | Paris | 1970 | Atilio Dell'Oro Maini | Argentina |
| 15th | Paris | 1968 | Willian Eteki-Mboumoua | Cameroon |
| 14th | Paris | 1966 | Bedrettin Tuncel | Turkey |
| 13th | Paris | 1964 | Norair Sissakian | Spain |
| 12th | Paris | 1962 | Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro | Brazil |
| 11th | Paris | 1960 | Akale-Work Abte-Wold | Ethiopia |
| 10th | Paris | 1958 | Jean Berthoin | France |
| 9th | New Delhi | 1956 | Maulana Abul Kalam Azad | India |
| 8th | Montevideo | 1954 | Justino Zavala Muñiz | Uruguay |
| 2nd extraordinary | Paris | 1953 | ||
| 7th | Paris | 1952 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | India |
| 6th | Paris | 1951 | Howland Sargeant | United States |
| 5th | Florence | 1950 | Count Stefano Jacini | Italy |
| 4th | Paris | 1949 | Ronald Walker | Australia |
| 1st extraordinary | Paris | 1948 | ||
| 3rd | Beirut | 1948 | Hamid Bey Frangie | Lebanon |
| 2nd | Mexico City | 1947 | Manuel Gual Vidal | Mexico |
| 1st | Paris | 1946 | Léon Blum | France |
Offices
The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Donated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by American-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.
UNESCO has offices in many locations across the globe; its headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris, France, now called the World Heritage Centre.[70]
UNESCO's field offices are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bureaux and liaison offices.
Field offices by region
The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office.[71]
Africa
- Abuja – National Office to Nigeria
- Accra – Cluster Office for Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo
- Addis Ababa – Liaison Office with the African Union and with the Economic Commission for Africa
- Bamako – Cluster Office for Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Niger
- Brazzaville – National Office to the Republic of the Congo
- Bujumbura – National Office to Burundi
- Dakar – Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal
- Dar es Salaam – Cluster Office for Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tanzania
- Harare – Cluster Office for Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe
- Kinshasa – National Office to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Libreville – Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe
- Maputo – National Office to Mozambique
- Nairobi – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan and Uganda
- Windhoek – National Office to Namibia
- Yaoundé – Cluster Office to Cameroon, Central African Republic and Chad
Arab States
- Iraq – National Office for Iraq (currently located in Amman, Jordan)
- Amman – National Office to Jordan
- Beirut – Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine
- Cairo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for Egypt, Libya and Sudan
- Doha – Cluster Office to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
- Khartoum – National Office to Sudan
- Rabat – Cluster Office to Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia
Asia and Pacific
See also: UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards
- Almaty – Cluster Office to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
- Apia – Cluster Office to Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Tokelau (Associate Member)
- Bangkok – Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand, Burma, Laos, Singapore, Vietnam and Cambodia
- Beijing – Cluster Office to North Korea, Japan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and South Korea
- Dhaka – National Office to Bangladesh
- Hanoi – National Office to Vietnam
- Islamabad – National Office to Pakistan
- Jakarta – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and East Timor
- Kabul – National Office to Afghanistan
- Kathmandu – National Office to Nepal
- New Delhi – Cluster Office to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka
- Phnom Penh – National Office to Cambodia
- Tashkent – National Office to Uzbekistan
- Tehran – Cluster Office to Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan
Europe and North America
| This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (January 2012) |
- Brussels – Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels
- Geneva – Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva
- New York City – Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York
- Moscow – Cluster Office to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova and Russia
- Venice – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe and North America
Latin America and the Caribbean
Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace – with a double decker tourist bus. The Historic Center of Quito is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas.[72] This center was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
- Brasilia – National Office to Brazil
- Guatemala City – National Office to Guatemala
- Havana – Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Aruba
- Kingston – Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associate member states of British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
- Lima – National Office to Peru
- Mexico City – National Office to Mexico
- Montevideo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
- Port-au-Prince – National Office to Haiti
- Quito – Cluster Office to Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela
- San José – Cluster Office to Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama
- Santiago de Chile – Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile
Controversy and reform
New World Information and Communication order
UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past, particularly in its relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former Soviet Union. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO's support for a "New World Information and Communication Order" and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived by some as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West, a stark contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[73] In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by the United Kingdom in 1985. Singapore took the opportunity to withdraw also at the end of 1985, citing rising membership fees.[74] Following a change of government in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.
Israel
Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year after its creation. Israel has maintained its membership since 1949. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron and Rachel's Tomb, Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work, prompting criticism from the United States and protests from Palestinians.[75] In October 2010, UNESCO's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs" and "Bilal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel's Tomb" and stated that they were "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories" and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law.[76] UNESCO described the sites as significant to "people of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish traditions", and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites.[77] Israel in turn accused UNESCO of "detach[ing] the Nation of Israel from its heritage", and accused it of being politically motivated.[78] The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimed that Rachel's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site.[79] Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a "part of Palestinian escalation". Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee, referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world.[80][81]
On 28 June 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee, at Jordan's insistence, censured Israel's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be razed for safety reasons; Jordan disputed the agreement, saying it was only signed under U.S. pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt.[82]
In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open, UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, "indefinitely postponed" and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled, "The People, The Book, the Land: The 3,500-year relationship between the Jewish people and the land of Israel." The event was scheduled to run from January 21 through January 30 in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would "harm the peace process".[83] The author of the exhibition, Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, called the cancellation an "appalling act," and characterized Bokova's decision as "an arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish people and its history." UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed a great success.[84]
Palestinian Authority
Palestinian Youth Magazine controversy
In February 2011, an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role-models as Adolf Hitler. In December 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the magazine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support.[85]
Islamic University of Gaza controversy
In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, and space sciences,[86] fueling much controversy and criticism. Israel's foreign ministry expressed shock and criticized the move, and stated that the university supports Hamas (which Israel and other countries designate as a terrorist organization) and houses bomb laboratories for Hamas. The ministry called the university "a known greenhouse and breeding ground for Hamas terrorists".[87]
The university has been linked to Hamas in the past. However, the university head, Kamalain Shaath, defended UNESCO, stating that "the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development".[88][89][90] Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university's ties to Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with. A senior foreign ministry official stated: "Before UNESCO gave a chair to the Technion and the Interdisciplinary Center [institutions in Haifa and Herzliya, respectively] they checked things with a magnifying glass. In Gaza no one checked."[91] The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well. B'nai B'rith international president Allan Jacobs said: "To so strongly associate an organization meant to promote peaceful goals with a terrorist organization is yet another contributor to the world body's tarnished reputation in the international community."[92]
Wikileaks
On February 16 and 17 of 2012 UNESCO held a conference entitled, "The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World."[93] Despite all six panels being focused on WikiLeaks, no member of WikiLeaks staff were invited to speak. After receiving a complaint from WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson, UNESCO invited him to attend, but did not offer a place on any panels.[94] The offer also came only a week before the conference, which was held in Paris, France. Many of the speakers featured, including David Leigh and Heather Brooke, had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks and its founder Julian Assange in the past.[95][96] WikiLeaks released a press statement on February 15, 2012 denouncing UNESCO which stated, "UNESCO has made itself an international human rights joke. To use "freedom of expression" to censor WikiLeaks from a conference about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyond words. This is an intolerable abuse of UNESCO’s Constitution. It’s time to occupy UNESCO." [97] Included in the statement were the emails sent between WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson and organizers of the UNESCO conference.
Products or services
- IDAMS – proprietary software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed, maintained and disseminated by UNESCO.
References and notes
- ^ a b "UNESCO history". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ UNESCO's General Conference voted on 31 October 2011 "to admit Palestine as a member State". However, it notes that, for "its membership to take effect, Palestine must sign and ratify UNESCO's Constitution". "UNESCO " Media Services " General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State". UNESCO.
- ^ "Member States | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". UNESCO.
- ^ "The Faroes become associated <ny specialized institutes and centres throughout the world". [dead link]
- ^ "UNDG Members". United Nations Development Group. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Introducing UNESCO". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ League of Nations. Records of the Second Assembly. Plenary Meetings. 5 September-5 October 1921. Geneva. P. The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) was officially created on 4 January 1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications. The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the ICIC. (1987). A Chronology of UNESCO: 1947–1987. Paris, December 1987. LAD.85/WS/4 Rev. UNESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012
- ^ UNESCO. (1987). A Chronology.
- ^ THE WORK OF U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January 1949). Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ "United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Held at the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, from 1 to 16 November 1945. ECO/Conf./29. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 16 November 1945. United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation. Held at the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, from 1 to 16 November 1945. ECO/Conf./29. P. 93. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 1st Session. (1947). General Conference, First Session, held at UNESCO House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946. UNESCO/C/30 [1 C/Resolutions]. (Paris.) Item 14, p. 73. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ UNESCO. General Conference, 8th Session. (1955). Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session, Montevideo, 1954: Resolutions. 8 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution II.1.2, p.12. UNESDOC database
- ^ "UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race problems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979). Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Report of the Director-General on the Activities of the Organization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November 1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States, paragraph 3.
- ^ The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951). Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO: Paris.
- ^ "Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Report of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948). Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session, Mexico, November–December 1947. 2 C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. (1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 5–9 March 1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Commission: New York). UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Education for All: meeting our collective commitments (including six regional frameworks for action). World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26–28 April 2000. ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980). International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972. UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris, 17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolutions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 5–8 September 1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 September to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32 C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005, Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005. UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21 October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution 41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27 July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Resolution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Third Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UNESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ ""Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September 1968." (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 November 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977). Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris, February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and 4155. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a new, more just, and more efficient world information and communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. (1996). UNESCO and an Information Society for All: a position paper. (UNESCO: Paris). CII-96/WS/4. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. (2003). Communiqué: Ministerial Round Table on "Towards Knowledge Societies." (UNESCO Headquarters, 9 and 10 October 2003). 14 October 2003. 32 C/INF.26. UNESDOC database" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member". 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Blomfield, Adrian (31 October 2011). "US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven; Sayare, Scott (31 October 2011). "Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S.". Haaretz. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ "Israel freezes UNESCO funds". CNN. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ "U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row". Reuters. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, Degree Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions, Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence (CIMEA), Italy. and UNESCO "Alert: Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions"
- ^ Varga, Susan (2006). Edinburgh Old Town (Images of Scotland). The History Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-4083-7.
- ^ "Migration Institutions – Home". Migrationmuseums.org. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ "Education | EDUCATION –". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ Reddy, A (2014) 'Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi - GoUNESCO', GoUNESCO. Uniform Resource Locator: http://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco.
- ^ "Quoted on UNESCO official site". Ngo-db.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009". Ngo-db.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ IBE official site
- ^ UIL official site
- ^ IIEP official site
- ^ IITE official site
- ^ IICBA official site
- ^ IESALC official site
- ^ UNEVOC official site
- ^ CEPES official site
- ^ UNESCO-IHE official site
- ^ ICTp official site
- ^ UIS official site
- ^ UNESCO Executive Board Document 185 EX/38, Paris, 10 September 2010
- ^ International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ "List of UNESCO members and associates". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport" (PDF). WADA. p. 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "State Parties". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Member States of the United Nations". United Nations. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ List of the voting countries[dead link]
- ^ UNESCO official site: Directors-General
- ^ UNESCO official site: Previous Sessions of the General Conference
- ^ Charlotte L Joy (15 January 2012). The Politics of Heritage Management in Mali: From UNESCO to Djenné. Left Coast Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-61132-094-7. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- ^ "List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ Grahm, S. E. (April 2006). "The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954". Diplomatic History 30 (2): 231–251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x.
- ^ Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO, The Telegraph, 28 December 1984
- ^ "Hebron clashes over Israel's West Bank heritage list". BBC News. 26 February 2010.
- ^ "Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories". UNESCO. 21 October 2010.
- ^ "THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM" (PDF).
- ^ Hillel Fendel (01.11.2010). "UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel's Tomb Protocol". Arutz Sheva. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ^ Maayana Miskin (29 October 2010). "UN Org.: Rachel's Tomb is a Mosque". Arutz Sheva.
- ^ "Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO". The Jerusalem Post. 03.11.2010. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ^ Shalom, Rabbi. "Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Berman, Lazar (January 17, 2014). "UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ Ahren, Raphael (21 January 2014). "Author of UNESCO's nixed Israel exhibit decries ‘appalling betrayal'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^ "Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise". The Daily Telegraph. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza (Palestine).". UNESCO. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University" (Press release). Israel ministry of foreign affairs. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Higgins, Michael (12 July 2012). "UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs". National Post. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University". Yedioth Ahronot. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (28 February 2010). "Hamas University". Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Ravid, Barak (12 July 2012). "Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ Yaakov, Yifa (14 July 2012). "B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "News journalism in a digital world". UNESCO. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "UNESCO-leaks to refute wikileaks accusation". UNESCO. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "The Guardian's hatchet job on Julian Assange". World Socialist Web Site. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "The WikiFreak: In a new book one author reveals how she got to know Julian Assange and found him a predatory, narcissistic fantasist". Daily Mail. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "WikiLeaks denounces UNESCO after WikiLeaks banned from UNESCO conference on WikiLeaks". WikiLeaks. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
See also
| United Nations portal |
- Academic Mobility Network
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNESCO. |
- UNESCO
.org Official UNESCO website
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English Journal
- The effect of aeration and recirculation on a sand-based hybrid constructed wetland treating low-strength domestic wastewater.
- Zapater-Pereyra M1, Kyomukama E1, Namakula V1, van Bruggen JJ1, Lens PN1.
- Environmental technology.Environ Technol.2016 Aug;37(15):1923-32. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1135994. Epub 2016 Jan 29.
- The Duplex-constructed wetland (CW) is a hybrid system composed of a vertical flow (VF) CW on top of a horizontal flow filter (HFF). Each compartment is designed to play a different role: aerobic treatment in the VF CW due to intermittent feeding and anoxic treatment in the HFF due to saturated cond
- PMID 26732367
- Determination of formaldehyde in food and feed by an in-house validated HPLC method.
- Wahed P1, Razzaq MA1, Dharmapuri S2, Corrales M3.
- Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jul 1;202:476-83. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.136. Epub 2016 Feb 2.
- Formalin is carcinogenic and is detrimental to public health. The illegal addition of formalin (37% formaldehyde and 14% methanol) to foods to extend their shelf-life is considered to be a common practice in Bangladesh. The lack of accurate methods and the ubiquitous presence of formaldehyde in food
- PMID 26920321
- Estimating litter carbon stocks on forest land in the United States.
- Domke GM1, Perry CH2, Walters BF2, Woodall CW2, Russell MB3, Smith JE4.
- The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2016 Jul 1;557-558:469-78. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.090. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
- Forest ecosystems are the largest terrestrial carbon sink on earth, with more than half of their net primary production moving to the soil via the decomposition of litter biomass. Therefore, changes in the litter carbon (C) pool have important implications for global carbon budgets and carbon emissi
- PMID 27017077
Japanese Journal
- 特集を終えて : ユネスコMAB計画の歴史的位置づけと国内実施における今後の展望(<特集2>ユネスコMAB(人間と生物圏)計画-日本発ユネスコエコパーク制度の構築に向けて)
- 田中 俊徳
- 日本生態学会誌 62(3), 393-399, 2012-11-30
- NAID 110009553260
- 南アルプスのユネスコエコパークの可能性(<特集2>ユネスコMAB(人間と生物圏)計画-日本発ユネスコエコパーク制度の構築に向けて)
- 増沢 武弘
- 日本生態学会誌 62(3), 387-391, 2012-11-30
- 南アルプスはユネスコエコパークになりうるか、というテーマに対し、解説を試みた。ユネスコエコパークは自然保護と持続可能な利用とを考慮し、自然と人間との相互関係の構築を目指した地域であり、核心地域・緩衝地帯・移行地域に区分されて、各々が相互に関係し合って、核心地域を保全しようとするものである。本稿では、これらの区分の各々の特性を挙げ、ユネスコで定められた規準に適合するかを検証した。その結果、核心地域と …
- NAID 110009553259
- 我が国の生物多様性保全の取組と生物圏保存地域(<特集2>ユネスコMAB(人間と生物圏)計画-日本発ユネスコエコパーク制度の構築に向けて)
- 岡野 隆宏
- 日本生態学会誌 62(3), 375-385, 2012-11-30
- 生物圏保存地域は、ユネスコのMAB計画(人間と生物圏:Man and the Biosphere)に基づいて登録される保護地域で、1976年に開始され、世界的なネットワークを構築している。我が国でも1980年に屋久島、大台ケ原・大峰山、白山、志賀高原の4カ所が登録されている。生物圏保存地域は、「生物多様性の保全」、「経済と社会の発展」、「学術的支援」の3つの相補的な機能を有し、この機能を発揮するた …
- NAID 110009553258
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| 国試過去問 | 「111E030」「104E035」 |
| リンク元 | 「国際連合」「国際連合教育科学文化機関」 |
「111E030」
- 国際機関と事業内容の組合せで正しいのはどれか。
A
※国試ナビ4※ ［111E029］←［国試_111］→［111E031］
「104E035」
- 国際機関と事業内容の組合せで正しいのはどれか。
A
※国試ナビ4※ ［104E034］←［国試_104］→［104E036］
「国際連合」
- 同
- United Nations, UN, U.N.
- 同
- 国連
概要
国際連合は、国際連盟の反省をふまえて第二次世界大戦時の戦勝国である連合国 (第二次世界大戦) (United Nations) が中心となる。1945年10月24日に、アメリカ合衆国のカリフォルニア州サンフランシスコで発足した。最初の加盟国（原加盟国）は51ヵ国であった。
日本はテンプレート:和暦12月18日に80番目の加盟国となった。2006年6月末現在、国際連合の加盟国数は192ヵ国。最も新しい加盟国は、モンテネグロ（2006年6月28日加盟）である。国際連合の本部は、アメリカ合衆国のニューヨーク市マンハッタン島にある。
国際連合本部ビル（オスカー・ニーマイヤーを中心とした建築家国際委員会が設計）は老朽化しており、新館を建築家・槇文彦が設計予定。ただし、国際連合の資金難により計画は滞っている。
世界人権宣言
- 参考3
主要機関
- 総会
- 委員会
…
- 機関
- 国連開発計画, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP
- 国連環境計画, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP
- 国連人間居住センター, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat)
- 国連難民高等弁務官事務所 UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- 国連パレスチナ難民救済事業機関, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA
- 国連貿易開発会議, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD
- 一次産品共通基金, Common Fund for Commodities
- UNCTADタングステン委員会, UNCTAD Committee on Tungsten
- 国連大学, United Nations University, UNU
- 国連訓練調査研修所, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR
- 世界食糧理事, World Food Council, WFC
- 国連児童基金, United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF
- 国連資本開発基金, United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF
- 国連人口基金, United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA
- 国連天然資源探査回転基金, United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration
- 国連ボランティア, United Nations Volunteers, UNV
- 国連薬物統制計画, United Nations International Drug Control Programme, UNDCP
- 安全保障理事会
- 加盟審査委員会
- 軍事参謀委員会
- 平和維持活動
- 経済社会理事会
- 信託統治理事会
- 国際司法裁判所
- 事務局
専門機関
- 14ある。独自の構成国、予算、本部を持ち、国連とは独立している。
- 国際労働機関, ILO
- 国連食糧農業機関, FAO
- 国連教育科学文化機関, UNESCO
- 世界保健機関, WHO
- 世界銀行
- 国際通貨基金, IMF
- 国際民間航空機関, ICAO
- 万国郵便連合, UPU
- 国際電気通信連合, ITU
- 世界気象機関, WMO
- 国際海事機関, IMO
- 世界知的所有権機関, WIPO
- 国際農業開発基金, IFAD
- 国連工業開発機関, UNIDO
- 類似機関
- 国際原子力機関 IAEA
- 世界貿易機関 WTO
- 国連の計画およびその他の機関：特定分野での活動を目的として、総会が設立。経済社会理事会と密接に協力し、ほとんどの場合、総会と経済社会理事会に報告責任を有する。
国連児童基金, UNICEF 国連パレスチナ難民救済事業機関, UNRWA 国連難民高等弁務官事務所, UNHCR 世界食糧計画, WFP 国連訓練調査研究所, UNITAR 国連貿易開発会議, UNCTAD 国連開発計画, UNDP 国連人口基金, UNFPA 国連環境計画, UNEP 国連大学, UNU 婦人の向上のための国際訓練研究所, INSTRAW 国連人間居住センター, UNCHS
参考
- 1. wiki ja
- 2. 国際連合広報センター
- 3. 世界人権宣言
- 4. 国連憲章
「国際連合教育科学文化機関」
- 英
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO
- 設立：1946年11月4日
- 機関の目的：教育、科学、文化の発展と推進
参考
- 1. wiki ja