United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
| United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
|
|
The headquarters of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development are located in the Palace of Nations (United Nations Office at Geneva, Switzerland).
|
| Abbreviation |
UNCTAD |
| Formation |
1964 |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Website |
unctad.org |
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body.
UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."[1]
The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva.
One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD that to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage.
The creation of UNCTAD in 1964 was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and developing nations. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established to provide a forum where the developing countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic development. The organisation grew from the view that existing institutions like GATT (now replaced by the World Trade Organization, WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank were not properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing countries. Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO).
The first UNCTAD conference took place in Geneva in 1964, the second in New Delhi in 1968, the third in Santiago in 1972, fourth in Nairobi in 1976, the fifth in Manila in 1979, the sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the seventh in Geneva in 1987, the eighth in Cartagena in 1992, the ninth at Johannesburg (South Africa) in 1996, the tenth in Bangkok (Thailand) in 2000, the eleventh in São Paulo (Brazil) in 2004, the twelfth in Accra in 2008 and the thirteenth in Doha (Qatar) in 2012.
Currently, UNCTAD has 194 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members and a bi-annual (2010–2011) regular budget of $138 million in core expenditures and $72 million in extra-budgetary technical assistance funds. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group.[2] There are non-governmental organizations participating in the activities of UNCTAD.[3]
Contents
- 1 Membership
- 2 Meetings
- 2.1 Geneva, 1964
- 2.2 New Delhi, 1968
- 2.3 Santiago, 1972
- 2.4 Nairobi, 1976 and Manila, 1979
- 2.5 Belgrade, 1983
- 3 Reports
- 4 Other
- 4.1 Partnership Initiatives
- 5 List of Secretaries-General and Officers-in-Charge
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Membership
UNCTAD Members
UNCTAD Members at the Trade and Development Board
Members, List A
Members, List B
Members, List C
Members, List D
Members, to be assigned
As of October 2012, 194 states are UNCTAD members:[4] all UN members and the Holy See. UNCTAD members are divided into four lists, the division being based on United Nations Regional Groups[4] with six members unassigned: Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu. List A consists mostly of countries in the African and Asia-Pacific Groups of the UN. List B consists of countries of the Western European and Others Group. List C consists of countries of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States (GRULAC). List D consists of countries of the Eastern European Group.
The lists, originally defined in 19th General Assembly resolution 1995[5] serve to balance geographical distribution of member states' representation on the Trade Development Board and other UNCTAD structures. The lists are similar to those of UNIDO, an UN specialized agency.
The full lists are as follows:
- List A (100 members): Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi , Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, South Korea, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
- List B (31 members): Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.
- List C (33 members): Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.
- List D (24 members): Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.
- Not assigned countries (6 members): Armenia, Kiribati, Nauru, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu.
Other states that do not participate are Cook Islands, Niue and the states with limited recognition.
Meetings
The inter-governmental work is done at five levels of meetings:
- The UNCTAD Conference – held every four years:
| UNCTAD 14 |
Nairobi |
Kenya |
17-22 July 2016[6] |
| UNCTAD XIII |
Doha |
Qatar |
21–26 April 2012[7] |
| UNCTAD XII |
Accra |
Ghana |
21–25 April 2008[8] |
| UNCTAD XI |
São Paulo |
Brazil |
13–18 June 2004[9] |
| UNCTAD X |
Bangkok |
Thailand |
12–19 February 2000[10] |
| UNCTAD IX |
Midrand |
South Africa |
27 April – 11 May 1996 |
| UNCTAD VIII |
Cartagena |
Colombia |
8–25 February 1992 |
| UNCTAD VII |
Geneva |
Switzerland |
08 Jul-03 Aug 1987 |
| UNCTAD VI |
Belgrade |
Serbia |
06-30 Jun 1983 |
| UNCTAD V |
Manila |
Philippines |
7 May-03 Jun 1979 |
| UNCTAD IV |
Nairobi |
Kenya |
05-31 May 1976 |
| UNCTAD III |
Santiago |
Chile |
13 Apr-21 May 1972 |
| UNCTAD II |
New Delhi |
India |
31 Jan-29 Mar 1968 |
| UNCTAD I |
Geneva |
Switzerland |
23 Mar-16 Jun 1964 |
- The UNCTAD Trade and Development Board – the Board manages the work of UNCTAD between two conferences and meets up to three times every year;
- Four UNCTAD Commissions and one Working Party – these meet more often than the Board to take up policy, programme and budgetary issues;
- Expert Meetings – the commissions will convene expert meetings on selected topics to provide substantive and expert input for Commission policy discussions.
Geneva, 1964
In response to developing country (Least Developed Country, LDC) anxiety at their worsening position in world trade, the United Nations General Assembly voted for a 'one off' conference. These early discussions paved the way for new IMF facilities to provide finance for shortfalls in commodity earnings and for the Generalised Preference Schemes which increased access to Northern markets for manufactured imports from the South. At Geneva, the LDCs were successful in their proposal for the conference with its Secretariat to become a permanent organ of the UN, with meetings every four years.[11]
New Delhi, 1968
The New Delhi Conference, held in February and March 1968, was a forum that allowed developing countries to reach agreement on basic principles of their development policies. The conference in New Delhi was an opportunity for schemes to be finally approved. The conference provided a major impetus in persuading the North to follow up UNCTAD I resolutions, in establishing generalised preferences. The target for private and official flows to LDCs was raised to 1% of the North's GNP, but the developed countries failed to commit themselves to achieving the target by a specific date. This has proven a continuing point of debate at UNCTAD conferences.
The conference led to the International Sugar Agreement, which seeks to stabilize world sugar prices.[11][12]
Santiago, 1972
The Santiago Conference, April 15, 1972, was the third occasion on which the developing countries have confronted the rich with the need to use trade and aid measures more effectively to improve living standards in the developing world. Discussion centred on the international monetary system and specifically on the South's proposal that a higher proportion of new special drawing rights (SDRs) should be allocated to LDCs as a form of aid (the so-called 'link'). In Santiago, substantial disagreements arose within the Group of 77 (G77) despite preconference meetings. There was disagreement over the SDR proposal and between those in the G77 who wanted fundamental changes such as a change in the voting allocations in the South's favour at the IMF and those (mainly the Latin American countries) who wanted much milder reforms. This internal dissent seriously weakened the group's negotiating position and led to a final agreed motion which recommended that the IMF should examine the link and that further research be conducted into general reforms. This avoided firm commitments to act on the 'link' or general reform, and the motion was passed by conference.[11][13]
Nairobi, 1976 and Manila, 1979
UNCTAD IV held in Nairobi May 1976, showed relative success compared to its predecessors. An Overseas Development Institute briefing paper of April 1979 highlights one reason for success as being down to the 1973 Oil Crisis and the encouragement of LDCs to make gains through producers of other commodities. The principal result of the conference was the adoption of the Integrated Programme for Commodities. The programme covered the principal commodity exports and its objectives aside from the stabilisation of commodity prices were: 'Just and remunerative pricing, taking into account world inflation', the expansion of processing, distribution and control of technology by LDCs and improved access to markets.[14][15]
UNCTAD V in the wake of the Nairobi Conference, held in Manila 1979 focused on the key issues of: protectionism in developing countries and the need for structural change, trade in commodities and manufactures aid and international monetary reform,technology, shipping, and economic co-operation among developing countries. An Overseas Development Institute briefing paper written in 1979 focuses its attention on the key issues regarding the LDCs` role as the Group of 77 in the international community.[16]
Belgrade, 1983
The sixth UN conference on trade and development in Belgrade, 6–30 June 1983 was held against the background of earlier UNCTADs which have substantially failed to resolve many of the disagreements between the developed and developing countries and of a world economy in its worst recession since the early 1930s. The key issues of the time were finance and adjustment, commodity price stabilisation and trade.[11]
Reports
UNCTAD produces a number of topical reports, including:
- The Trade and Development Report[17]
- The Trade and Environment Review[18]
- The World Investment Report[19]
- The Economic Development in Africa Report[20]
- The Least Developed Countries Report[21]
- UNCTAD Statistics[22]
- The Information Economy Report[23]
- The Review of Maritime Transport[24]
- The International Accounting and Reporting Issues Annual Review[25]
- The Technology and Innovation Report[26]
Other
UNCTAD conducts technical cooperation programmes[27] such as ASYCUDA, DMFAS, EMPRETEC and WAIPA.
In addition, UNCTAD conducts certain technical cooperation in collaboration with the World Trade Organization through the joint International Trade Centre (ITC), a technical cooperation agency targeting operational and enterprise-oriented aspects of trade development.
UNCTAD hosts the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting (ISAR).[25]
Partnership Initiatives
UNCTAD is a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative along with the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI), and the UN Global Compact.
List of Secretaries-General and Officers-in-Charge
| Nr |
Secretary-General |
Dates in office |
Country of origin |
Remarks |
| 10 |
Mukhisa Kituyi |
1 September 2013 – Present |
Kenya |
|
| 9 |
Supachai Panitchpakdi |
1 September 2005 – 30 August 2013 |
Thailand |
|
| 8 |
Carlos Fortin |
2004–2005 |
Chile |
Officer-in-Charge |
| 7 |
Rubens Ricupero |
1995–2004 |
Brazil |
|
| 6 |
Carlos Fortin |
1994–1995 |
Chile |
Officer-in-Charge |
| 5 |
Kenneth K.S. Dadzie |
1986–1994 |
Ghana |
|
| 4 |
Alister McIntyre |
1985 |
Grenada |
Officer-in-Charge |
| 3 |
Gamani Corea |
1974–1984 |
Sri Lanka |
|
| 2 |
Manuel Pérez-Guerrero |
1969–1974 |
Venezuela |
|
| 1 |
Raúl Prebisch |
1963–1969 |
Argentina |
|
See also
- Foreign direct investment
- Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP)
- International trade
- List of countries by received FDI
- United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
- World Development Information Day
References
Notes
- ^ From official website
- ^ http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=13
- ^ http://archive.unctad.org/en/docs/tdngolistd12_en.pdf
- ^ a b "Membership of UNCTAD and membership of the Trade and Development Board" (PDF). unctad.org.
- ^ http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/1995(XIX)&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION
- ^ http://unctad14.org/
- ^ http://www.unctadxiii.org/
- ^ http://www.unctadxii.org/
- ^ http://www.unctadxi.org/
- ^ "WELCOME TO TENTH SESSION OF THE CONFERENCE(UNCTAD X), BANGKOK 12-19 FEB. 2000". unctad-10.org.
- ^ a b c d "UNCTAD VI: background and issues". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "The UN Conference on Trade and Development". ODI Briefing Paper 1. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "ODI Briefing Paper". UNCTAD III, problems and prospects. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "UNCTAD 5: A preview of the issues". ODI briefing paper No.2 1979. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "UNCTAd VI: background and issues". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ "UNCTAD: A preview of the issues". ODI briefing paper 1979. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ http://unctad.org/tdr
- ^ http://unctad.org/ter
- ^ "unctad.org - Home". unctad.org.
- ^ http://unctad.org/africa/series
- ^ http://unctad.org/ldcr
- ^ http://unctad.org/stats
- ^ http://unctad.org/ier/series
- ^ http://unctad.org/rmt/series
- ^ a b http://unctad.org/isar
- ^ "unctad.org - Technology and Innovation Report (Series)". unctad.org.
- ^ http://unctad.org/tc
Further reading
- Berthoud, Paul (2008). A Professional Life Narrative. edinter.net. worked with UNCTAD and offers testimony from the inside.
External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. |
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNCTAD member states
- Research Guide about UNCTAD (UN Library at Geneva)
- International Trade Centre
- UNCTAD: Time to Lead (Focus on the Global South)
- Global Policy Forum – UNCTAD
- International Trade Debates
- ODI Briefing Papers on the UNCTAD
|
South–South cooperation and Third Worldism
|
|
| Global South |
|
Development
|
- Landlocked developing countries
- Least developed country
- Heavily indebted poor countries
|
|
|
Markets
|
- Emerging markets
- Newly industrialized country
- Transition economy
|
|
|
Worlds Theory
|
- First World
- Second World
- Third World
- Fourth World
|
|
|
| Geopolitics |
- Decolonization
- Cold War
- Neocolonialism
- Multipolarity
- World Conference against Racism
- Durban I
- Durban II
- Durban III
- Globalization
|
|
|
BRICS
|
- Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
BASIC (BRICS less Russia)
- BRIC (BRICS less South Africa)
- India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
|
|
|
| Finance |
- Debt
- Asian Clearing Union
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
- Asian Development Bank
- Arab Monetary Fund
- BancoSur
- Caribbean Development Bank
- Common Fund for Commodities
|
|
|
Trade and
development
|
- Developmental state
- Flying geese paradigm
- Infrastructure-based development
- Sustainable development
- Global System of Trade Preferences
- Protocol on Trade Negotiations
- New International Economic Order
- New World Information and Communication Order
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- United Nations Development Programme
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
|
|
| Public health |
- Generic drugs
- Pharmaceutical patents
- Test data exclusivity
- Doha Declaration
- World Health Organization
|
|
|
Organizations
and groups
|
- G-77
- G-15
- D-8
- G20 developing nations (G-20)
- G-24
- G33 developing countries (G-33)
- G-11
- G-90
- Non-Aligned Movement
- African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
- African Union
- Afro–Asian Conference
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- Colombo Plan
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
- Like Minded Group
- Melanesian Spearhead Group
- Next Eleven
- North–South Summit
- Polynesian Leaders Group
- South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
- Small Island Developing States
- South Centre
- Sunshine countries
- Third World Network
|
|
|
North–South
divide
|
- Brandt Report
- Global financial system
- International Monetary Fund
- World Bank
- World Trade Organization
- Fair trade
- Financial regulation
- Global digital divide
|
|
|
International trade
|
|
| Terminology |
- Absolute advantage
- Balance of payments
- Balance of trade
- Capital account
- Comparative advantage
- Current account
- Export-oriented industrialization
- Fair trade
- Foreign exchange reserves
- Globalization
- Import substitution industrialization
- Net capital outflow
- Outsourcing
- Tariff
- Trade justice
- Trade war
- Trading nation
|
|
|
|
Organizations
and policies
|
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- World Bank Group
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- International Trade Centre
- Bilateral investment treaty
- Economic integration
- Free trade zone
- Special economic zone
- Trade agreement
- Trade barrier
- Trade bloc
|
|
| Political economy |
- Free trade (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Repeal of the Corn Laws)
- Mercantilism
- Protectionism (Economic nationalism, Autarky)
|
|
| Regional organizations |
- ACU
- ASEAN
- CACM
- CAN
- CARICOM
- CEMAC
- CUBKR
- EAC
- EAU
- EU
- GCC
- Mercosur
- RCEP
- SAARC
- SACU
- WAEMU
|
|
| Trading partners |
- Argentina
- Canada
- China
- European Union
- Germany
- India
- Japan
- Netherlands
- Pakistan
- Russia
- United States
- South Korea
|
|
| Exports by country |
- Australia
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- France
- Germany
- India
- Italy
- Japan
- Poland
- Russia
- South Korea
- United Kingdom
- United States
|
|
| Exports by product |
- Aircraft & Spacecraft
- Aircraft parts
- Aluminium
- Cars
- Car parts
- Coal
- Coffee
- Computers
- Copper
- Corn
- Cotton
- Diamonds
- Electricity
- Engines
- Gas turbines
- Gold
- Integrated circuits
- Iron ore
- Natural gas
- Oil
- Petrol
- Pharmaceuticals
- Ships
- Steel
- Telecommunications equipment
- Telephones
- Trucks
- Wheat
- Wine
|
|
|
|
|
国際連合は、国際連盟の反省をふまえて第二次世界大戦時の戦勝国である連合国 (第二次世界大戦) (United Nations) が中心となる。1945年10月24日に、アメリカ合衆国のカリフォルニア州サンフランシスコで発足した。最初の加盟国（原加盟国）は51ヵ国であった。
日本はテンプレート:和暦12月18日に80番目の加盟国となった。2006年6月末現在、国際連合の加盟国数は192ヵ国。最も新しい加盟国は、モンテネグロ（2006年6月28日加盟）である。国際連合の本部は、アメリカ合衆国のニューヨーク市マンハッタン島にある。
国際連合本部ビル（オスカー・ニーマイヤーを中心とした建築家国際委員会が設計）は老朽化しており、新館を建築家・槇文彦が設計予定。ただし、国際連合の資金難により計画は滞っている。
