WordNet

secured with a cover or binding; often used as a combining form; "bound volumes"; "leather-bound volumes"
form the boundary of; be contiguous to (同)border
(usually followed by `to' (同)destined
headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in `college-bound students; "children bound for school"; "a flight destined for New York" (同)destined
bound by an oath; "a bound official"
confined by bonds; "bound and gagged hostages"
confined in the bowels; "he is bound in the belly"
held with another element, substance or material in chemical or physical union
complicated in structure; consisting of interconnected parts; "a complex set of variations based on a simple folk melody"; "a complex mass of diverse laws and customs"
a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated (同)coordination_compound
a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts; "the complex of shopping malls, houses, and roads created a new town" (同)composite
(psychoanalysis) a combination of emotions and impulses that have been rejected from awareness but still influence a persons behavior
secure against; "immune from taxation as long as he resided in Bermuda"; "immune from criminal prosecution"
a person who is immune to a particular infection
relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) (同)resistant
(usually followed by `to'
relating to the condition of immunity; "the immune system"
the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)c
(music) the keynote of the scale of C major
a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
having the limits or boundaries established; "a delimited frontier through the disputed region" (同)delimited

PrepTutorEJDIC

《副詞[句]を伴って》『はね上がる』,はね飛ぶ,はね返る / 〈心が〉おどる,わくわくする / 『はずみ』,はね返り;『跳躍』
《複数形で》(…の)『境界』,境界線(boundary)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》(…の)『限度』,限界,範囲(limits)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》領域,管内,区域[内] / 《通例受動態で》〈国など〉‘ど'『境を設する』 / 〈行動・欲望など〉'を'制犬する,押える / 境を設する
《補語にのみ用いて》(…へ)『行く途上にある』;(…)『行きの』《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複合語を作って》「…行きの」の意を表す
bindの過去・過去分詞 / 『縛られた』 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be bound to』 do》…する『義務がある』 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be bound to』 do》『きっと…する』 / 〈本が〉製本された / 《補語にのみ用いて》《米語》《『be bound to』 do》…する決心をしている / 《複合語を作って》「…に縛られた,閉ざされた」の意を表す
『いくつかの部分から成る』,複合の,合成の / 『複雑な』,入りくんだ,こみいった(complicated) / 複合体,合成物 / コンプレックス,複合(抑圧されて心に残った複雑なしこり)
免疫の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(影響・攻撃・義務・税などを)免れている《+『against』(『from, to』)+『名』》
carbonの化学記号

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における血管炎の概要およびアプローチ overview of and approach to the vasculitides in adults
2. 補体系の後天性欠損 acquired deficiencies of the complement system
3. 血清病および血清病様反応 serum sickness and serum sickness like reactions
4. 補体系の概要および臨床的評価 overview and clinical assessment of the complement system
5. 膜性増殖性糸球体腎炎の臨床像、分類、および原因 clinical presentation classification and causes of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

English Journal

Autoantibodies associated with RNA are more enriched than anti-dsDNA antibodies in circulating immune complexes in SLE.

Ahlin E1, Mathsson L, Eloranta ML, Jonsdottir T, Gunnarsson I, Rönnblom L, Rönnelid J.Author information 1Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. erahlin@gmail.comAbstractTo what extent different autoantibodies accumulate in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immune complexes (ICs), and whether such accumulation is associated with disease activity has been investigated. ICs were isolated from SLE sera by both polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and C1q-binding. Autoantibody specificities were determined using a lineblot assay quantified by densitometry. To compare the relative levels of autoantibodies, levels were normalized to the total levels of IgG measured by ELISA in sera and parallel ICs. Samples were investigated both in a cross-sectional design as well as in a paired design with samples obtained during both active and inactive SLE. All investigated autoantibody specificities except anti-dsDNA were enriched in circulating ICs as compared with parallel sera. The group of antibodies against RNA-associated antigens (anti-RNP/Sm, anti-Sm, anti-SSA/Ro60, anti-SSA/Ro52, anti-SSB/La) all exhibited higher median enrichment than the DNA-associated (anti-dsDNA, anti-histones, anti-nucleosomes) or cytoplasmic (anti-ribosomal P) antigens. In particular autoantibodies against RNP/Sm and SSA/Ro52 had the highest degree of enrichment in SLE PEG precipitates. These findings were corroborated by analysis of autoantibody content in C1q-bound ICs. There was no difference in degree of IC accumulation of the investigated autoantibodies during active and inactive SLE. Our findings demonstrate a difference in enrichment between autoantibodies against RNA- and DNA-associated autoantigens in isolated SLE IC, suggesting that the RNA-associated autoantibodies are more prone to form circulating ICs in SLE, in contrast to antibodies against DNA-associated autoantigens such as dsDNA. These finding have implications in understanding mechanisms of differential autoantibody accumulation in target organs in SLE.
Lupus.Lupus.2012 May;21(6):586-95. doi: 10.1177/0961203311434938. Epub 2012 Feb 2.
To what extent different autoantibodies accumulate in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) immune complexes (ICs), and whether such accumulation is associated with disease activity has been investigated. ICs were isolated from SLE sera by both polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and C1q-binding. A
PMID 22300829

Functional complement C1q abnormality leads to impaired immune complexes and apoptotic cell clearance.

Roumenina LT1, Sène D, Radanova M, Blouin J, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Dragon-Durey MA, Fridman WH, Fremeaux-Bacchi V.Author information 1Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France. lubka.roumenina@crc.jussieu.frAbstractC1q plays a key role in apoptotic cell and immune complex removal. Its absence contributes to the loss of tolerance toward self structures and development of autoimmunity. C1q deficiencies are extremely rare and are associated with complete lack of C1q or with secretion of surrogate C1q fragments. To our knowledge, we report the first case of a functional C1q abnormality, associated with the presence of a normal C1q molecule. Homozygous GlyB63Ser mutation was found in a patient suffering from lupus with neurologic manifestations and multiple infections. The GlyB63Ser C1q bound to Igs, pentraxins, LPSs, and apoptotic cells, similarly to C1q from healthy donors. However, the interaction of C1r(2)C1s(2) and C1 complex formation was abolished, preventing further complement activation and opsonization by C3. The mutation is located between LysB(61) and LysB(65) of C1q, suggested to form the C1r binding site. Our data infer that the binding of C1q to apoptotic cells in humans is insufficient to assure self-tolerance. The opsonization capacity of C4 and C3 fragments has to be intact to fight infections and to prevent autoimmunity.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2011 Oct 15;187(8):4369-73. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101749. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
C1q plays a key role in apoptotic cell and immune complex removal. Its absence contributes to the loss of tolerance toward self structures and development of autoimmunity. C1q deficiencies are extremely rare and are associated with complete lack of C1q or with secretion of surrogate C1q fragments. T
PMID 21930969

Direct interaction between CD91 and C1q.

Duus K1, Hansen EW, Tacnet P, Frachet P, Arlaud GJ, Thielens NM, Houen G.Author information 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.AbstractC1q-mediated removal of immune complexes and apoptotic cells plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmune conditions. It has been suggested that C1q mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells through a receptor complex assembled from CD91 (alpha-2- macroglobulin receptor, or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) and calreticulin, with CD91 being the transmembrane part and calreticulin acting as the C1q-binding molecule. In the present study, we observe that C1q binds cells from a CD91 expressing monocytic cell line as well as monocytes from human blood. C1q binding to monocytes was shown to be correlated with CD91 expression and could be inhibited by the CD91 chaperone, receptor-associated protein. We also report data showing a direct interaction between CD91 and C1q. The interaction was investigated using various protein interaction assays. A direct interaction between purified C1q and CD91 was observed both by ELISA and a surface plasmon resonance assay, with either C1q or CD91 immobilized. The interaction showed characteristics of specificity because it was time-dependent, saturable and could be inhibited by known ligands of both CD91 and C1q. The results obtained show for the first time that CD91 recognizes C1q directly. On the basis of these findings, we propose that CD91 is a receptor for C1q and that this multifunctional scavenger receptor uses a subset of its ligand-binding sites for clearance of C1q and C1q bound material.
The FEBS journal.FEBS J.2010 Sep;277(17):3526-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07762.x.
C1q-mediated removal of immune complexes and apoptotic cells plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmune conditions. It has been suggested that C1q mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells through a receptor complex assembled from CD91 (alpha-2- macroglobulin recep
PMID 20716178