WordNet

unrefined in character; "low comedy"
an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
precisely so; "on the very next page"; "he expected the very opposite"
used as intensifiers; `real is sometimes used informally for `really; `rattling is informal; "she was very gifted"; "he played very well"; "a really enjoyable evening"; "Im real sorry about it"; "a rattling good yarn" (同)really, real, rattling
precisely as stated; "the very center of town"
the amount per unit size (同)denseness
British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) (同)David Low, Sir David Low, Sir David Alexander Cecil Low
a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood

PrepTutorEJDIC

(高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
(牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
《副詞・形容詞・分詞形容詞を強めて》『非常に』,とても,たいへん,きわめて / 《否定語と共に用いて》『あまり』,さほど,たいして(…でない) / 《same, opposite, [one's]ownなどの前で》『真に,まったく』,ほんとうに / 《古》まったくの,本物の,真の / 《the(this,that,one's)~》『まさにその』,ちょうどその / 《the(one's)~》ただ…だけで(mere);(…)でさえ,までも(even)
〈U〉『密集』;『密度』,濃さ / 〈U〉〈C〉(物質の)密度,濃度,比重 / 〈U〉《話》頭の鈍さ,愚鈍さ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/25 06:12:14」(JST)

wiki en

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver.^[1] VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). VLDL particles have a diameter of 30–80 nm. VLDL transports endogenous products, whereas chylomicrons transport exogenous (dietary) products. Recently both the lipid composition ^[2] and protein composition ^[3] of this lipoprotein were characterised in great detail.

Function

Very low-density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. It functions as the body's internal transport mechanism for lipids. In addition it serves for long-range transport of hydrophobic intercellular messengers, like the morphogen Indian hedgehog (protein).^[4]

Changes during circulation

Nascent VLDL released from the liver contains apolipoprotein B100, apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1), apolipoprotein E (apoE), cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. As it circulates in blood, it picks up apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) and additional apoE donated from high-density lipoprotein (HDL). At this point, nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the capillary beds in the body (adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle). LPL will remove triglycerides from VLDL for storage or energy production. VLDL now meets back up with HDL where apoC-II is transferred back to HDL (but keeps apoE). HDL also transfers cholesteryl esters to the VLDL in exchange for phospholipids and triglycerides via cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP). As more and more triglycerides are removed from the VLDL because of the action of LPL and CETP enzymes, the composition of the molecule changes, and it becomes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).^[5]

Fifty percent of IDLs are recognized by receptors in the liver cells because of the apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) and apoE they contain and are endocytosed. The other 50% of IDL lose apoE; when their cholesterol content becomes greater than the content of triglyceride, they become LDL, with apoB-100 as the primary apolipoprotein. The LDL is taken into a cell via the LDL receptor via endocytosis, where the contents are either stored, used for cell membrane structure, or converted into other products such as steroid hormones or bile acids.^[6]

Notes and references

^ Gibbons GF, Wiggins D, Brown AM, Hebbachi AM (2004). "Synthesis and function of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein". Biochem Soc Trans. 32 (Pt 1): 59–64. doi:10.1042/bst0320059. PMID 14748713.
^ Dashti M, Kulik W, Hoek F, Veerman EC, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2011). "A phospholipidomic analysis of all defined human plasma lipoproteins". Sci. Rep. 1 (139). doi:10.1038/srep00139. PMC 3216620. PMID 22355656.
^ Dashty M, Motazacker MM, Levels J, de Vries M, Mahmoudi M, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2014). "Proteome of human plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein exhibits a link with coagulation and lipid metabolism". Thromb. Haemost. 111 (3): 518–530. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0178. PMID 24500811.
^ Queiroz KC, Tio RA, Zeebregts CJ, Bijlsma MF, Zijlstra F, Badlou B, de Vries M, Ferreira CV, Spek CA, Peppelenbosch MP, Rezaee F (2010). "Human plasma very low density lipoprotein carries". J Proteome Res. 9 (11): 6052–6059. doi:10.1021/pr100403q. PMID 20839884.
^ Shelness GS, Sellers JA (2001). "Very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion". Curr Opin Lipidol. 12 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1097/00041433-200104000-00008. PMID 11264986.
^ Shelness GS, Sellers JA (2000). "From cholesterol transport to signal transduction: low density lipoprotein receptor, very low density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor-2". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1529 (1–3): 287–298. doi:10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00155-4. PMID 11111096.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. リポ蛋白の分類、代謝、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症における役割 lipoprotein classification metabolism and role in atherosclerosis
2. 高トリグリセライド血症 hypertriglyceridemia
3. 成人の脂質異常症へのスクリーニング screening for lipid disorders in adults
4. HDLコレステロール：異常値の臨床的側面 hdl cholesterol clinical aspects of abnormal values
5. 血中脂質およびリポ蛋白の測定 measurement of blood lipids and lipoproteins

English Journal

A simple and high-throughput in-cell Western assay using HepG2 cell line for investigating the potential hypocholesterolemic effects of food components and nutraceutics.

Lammi C1, Zanoni C1, Arnoldi A2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Feb 15;169:59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.133. Epub 2014 Aug 7.
Since saving time and money are critical issues while developing innovative functional foods and nutraceutics, the use of specific and high-throughput assays for the fast screening of potentially bioactive ingredients is crucial. In this context, the aim of the present investigation was the developm
PMID 25236198

Imatinib mesylate stimulates low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-mediated ERK phosphorylation in insulin-producing cells.

Fred RG, Boddeti SK, Lundberg M, Welsh N.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Jan 1;128(1):17-28. doi: 10.1042/CS20130560.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic and multi-functional type I cell surface membrane protein, which is known to be phosphorylated by the activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, which inhibits PDGFR and
PMID 24865476

Influence of persistent organic pollutants on oxidative stress in population-based samples.

Kumar J1, Monica Lind P2, Salihovic S3, van Bavel B4, Lind L3, Ingelsson E5.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Nov;114:303-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.013. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a large group of chemicals widely used and produced in various industrial applications. Many cell culture/animal studies have shown that POPs can induce oxidative stress. Since such data is lacking in humans, we conducted a large population-based study to ana
PMID 25113216

Japanese Journal

Beneficial Effects of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 23(7), 865-877, 2016
NAID 130005160386

The Relationship between Very High Levels of Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cause-Specific Mortality in a 20-Year Follow-Up Study of Japanese General Population

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 23(7), 800-809, 2016
NAID 130005160377

Analysis of lipoprotein profiles of healthy cats by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005150402

Related Pictures

Omega-3 and Other Novel Pharmacological Approaches in Managing Hyperlipidemia VLDL - JapaneseClass.jp The major types of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very low density | Download Lipoproteins, vldl; Prebeta-Lipoproteins; Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins コレステロール Sindrome metabolico

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「VLDL」
拡張検索	「very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol」
関連記事	「very」「low」「low density」「lipoprotein」「lipoproteins」

「VLDL」

　　[★]

英: very-low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins
同: 超低比重リポ蛋白
関: プレβリポタンパク

[show details]

超低密度リポ蛋白 : 約 24,100 件
超低密度リポ蛋白質 : 約 81 件
超低密度リポタンパク : 82 件
超低密度リポタンパク質 : 約 41,500 件
超低比重リポ蛋白 : 約 44,900 件
超低比重リポ蛋白質 : 約 55 件
超低比重リポタンパク : 約 21,400 件
超低比重リポタンパク質 : 約 88 件

「very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol」

　　[★]

超低密度リポタンパク質コレステロール、超低密度リポ蛋白コレステロール、超低比重リポ蛋白コレステロール

関: VLDL cholesterol

「very」

　　[★]

adv.

非常に、とても、大いに、超

関: enormously、exceedingly、extraordinarily、extremely、greatly、immensely、much、profoundly、super、supra、too、tremendously、ultra、vastly

「low」

　　[★]

adj.

(比較級lower-最上級lowest)低い、不十分な

関: deficient、inadequate、insufficiency、insufficient、insufficiently、poorly、scanty

「low density」

　　[★]

低密度、低比重

関: hypobaric、hypodense、sparse、sparsely

同: 低吸収域

「lipoprotein」

　　[★] リポ蛋白 lipoprotein 　

「lipoproteins」