sparse

• adj.

• 希薄な、まばらな。まばらに生えている、散在する(opp.dense)。乏しい、貧弱な

関

sparsely, sparseness, sparsity

　 　

WordNet

1. not dense; "a thin beard"; "trees were sparse" (同)thin
2. having high relative density or specific gravity; "dense as lead"
3. slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity; "so dense he never understands anything I say to him"; "never met anyone quite so dim"; "although dull at classical learning, at mathematics he was uncommonly quick"- Thackeray; "dumb officials make some really dumb decisions"; "he was either normally stupid or being deliberately obtuse"; "worked with the slow students" (同)dim, dull, dumb, obtuse, slow
4. permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter; "dense smoke"; "heavy fog"; "impenetrable gloom" (同)heavy, impenetrable
5. hard to pass through because of dense growth; "dense vegetation"; "thick woods" (同)thick
6. in a sparse manner; "sparsely inhabited"
7. the property of being scanty or scattered; lacking denseness (同)spareness, sparsity, thinness
8. furnish with spars
9. any of various nonmetallic minerals (calcite or feldspar) that are light in color and transparent or translucent and cleavable
10. making the motions of attack and defense with the fists and arms; a part of training for a boxer (同)sparring
11. a stout rounded pole of wood or metal used to support rigging
12. box lightly
13. fight verbally; "They were sparring all night"
14. fight with spurs; "the gamecocks were sparring"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 希薄な,まばらな,女ない;(頭髪などが)薄い:a sparse population希薄な人口/a sparse beard薄いあごひげ
2. 『密度が濃い』,密集した,目の詰まった / 《話》頭の鈍い,のろまな
3. まばらに
4. =sparsity
5. (戸船の帆柱・帆げたなどの)円材
6. (ボクシングの練習のために)ハパーリングをする,打ち合う / 言い争う,議論する
7. スパー(割れて薄片になりやすい,非金属性の光沢のある鉱物の総称)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/18 23:40:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about a software static analysis tool. For other uses, see Sparse (disambiguation).

Sparse

Original author(s)	Linus Torvalds
Developer(s)	Josh Triplett, Christopher Li
Initial release	2003
Stable release	0.5.0 / January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
Operating system	Linux
Type	Static code analysis
License	MIT License
Website	http://sparse.wiki.kernel.org

Sparse is a computer software tool designed to find possible coding faults in the Linux kernel. Unlike other such tools, this static analysis tool was initially designed to only flag constructs that were likely to be of interest to kernel developers, such as the mixing of pointers to user and kernel address spaces.

Sparse checks for known problems and allows the developer to include annotations in the code that convey information about data types, such as the address space that pointers point to and the locks that a function acquires or releases.

Linus Torvalds started writing Sparse in 2003. Josh Triplett was its maintainer from 2006, a role taken over by Christopher Li in 2009. Sparse is released under the MIT License.

Annotations

Some of the checks performed by Sparse require annotating the source code using the __attribute__ GCC extension, or the Sparse-specific __context__ specifier. Sparse defines the following list of attributes:

• address_space(num)
• bitwise
• force
• context(expression,in_context,out_context)

When an API is defined with a macro, the specifier __attribute__((context(...))) can be replaced by __context__(...).

Linux kernel definitions

The Linux kernel defines the following short forms as pre-processor macros in files linux/compiler.h and linux/types.h (when building without the __CHECKER__ flag, all these annotations are removed from the code):

#ifdef __CHECKER__
# define __user		__attribute__((noderef, address_space(1)))
# define __kernel	__attribute__((address_space(0)))
# define __safe		__attribute__((safe))
# define __force	__attribute__((force))
# define __nocast	__attribute__((nocast))
# define __iomem	__attribute__((noderef, address_space(2)))
# define __must_hold(x)	__attribute__((context(x,1,1)))
# define __acquires(x)	__attribute__((context(x,0,1)))
# define __releases(x)	__attribute__((context(x,1,0)))
# define __acquire(x)	__context__(x,1)
# define __release(x)	__context__(x,-1)
# define __cond_lock(x,c)	((c) ? ({ __acquire(x); 1; }) : 0)
# define __percpu	__attribute__((noderef, address_space(3)))
#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER
# define __rcu		__attribute__((noderef, address_space(4)))
#else
# define __rcu
#endif
extern void __chk_user_ptr(const volatile void __user *);
extern void __chk_io_ptr(const volatile void __iomem *);
#else
# define __user
# define __kernel
# define __safe
# define __force
# define __nocast
# define __iomem
# define __chk_user_ptr(x) (void)0
# define __chk_io_ptr(x) (void)0
# define __builtin_warning(x, y...) (1)
# define __must_hold(x)
# define __acquires(x)
# define __releases(x)
# define __acquire(x) (void)0
# define __release(x) (void)0
# define __cond_lock(x,c) (c)
# define __percpu
# define __rcu
#endif

#ifdef __CHECKER__
# define __bitwise__    __attribute__((bitwise))
#else
# define __bitwise__
#endif

#ifdef __CHECK_ENDIAN__
# define __bitwise      __bitwise__
#else
# define __bitwise
#endif

Examples

The types __le32 and __be32 represent 32-bit integer types with different endianness. However, the C language does not allow to specify that variables of these types should not be mixed. The bitwise attribute is used to mark these types as restricted, so Sparse will give a warning if variables of these types or other integer variables are mixed:

typedef __u32 __bitwise     __le32;
typedef __u32 __bitwise     __be32;

To mark valid conversions between restricted types, a casting with the force attribute is used to avoid Sparse giving a warning.

See also

• List of tools for static code analysis

References

Further reading

• Jonathan Corbet (2004-06-01). "Finding kernel problems automatically". LWN.net. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
• Doc Searls (2003-11-24). "Linus & the Lunatics, Part I". Linux Journal. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
• Subrata Modak, Balbir Singh, Yamato Masatake (2009). Putting LTP to test—Validating both the Linux kernel and Test-cases (PDF). Ottawa Linux Symposium 2009. pp. 209–220. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
• Daniel De Graaf (2010). Detection of Static Flaws in Changesets (PDF) (M.Sc. thesis). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. OCLC 665146513. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 

External links

• Sparse web page
• Using sparse for typechecking, Linux Kernel Documentation
• sparse(1): Semantic Parser for C – Linux User Commands Manual
• cgcc(1): Compiler wrapper to run Sparse after compiling – Linux User Commands Manual

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Female hormonal and reproductive factors and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk.

• Langevin SM, Grandis JR, Taioli E.SourceDepartments of Community Health and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
• Cancer letters.Cancer Lett.2011 Nov 28;310(2):216-21. Epub 2011 Jul 12.
• Men are much more likely than women to develop head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a discrepancy that is insufficiently explained by gender differences in smoking and alcohol consumption. It has been hypothesized that differential hormonal exposures may account for some of this risk but t
• PMID 21802839

• Markers of autoreactivity, coagulation and angiogenesis in patients with nonallergic asthma.

• Asero R, Tedeschi A, Cugno M.SourceAmbulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano U.O. Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universita di Milano e Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
• Allergy.Allergy.2011 Oct;66(10):1339-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02668.x. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
• To cite this article: Asero R., Tedeschi A., Cugno M. Markers of autoreactivity, coagulation and angiogenesis in patients with nonallergic asthma. Allergy 2011; 66: 1339-1344. ABSTRACT: Background:? Patients with nonallergic asthma frequently show autoreactivity as do subjects with chronic urticar
• PMID 21658190

• Presenting features and outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients diagnosed at age 80?years or more. An ICLLSG study.

• Bairey O, Ruchlemer R, Rahimi-Levene N, Herishanu Y, Braester A, Berrebi A, Polliack A, Klepfish A, Shvidel L; Israeli CLL Study Group (ICLLSG).SourceInstitute of Hematology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tiqwa, 49100, Israel, obairey@post.tau.ac.il.
• Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2011 Oct;90(10):1123-9. Epub 2011 May 26.
• Although the incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) increases exponentially with age, data on patients 80?years or older at diagnosis are sparse. The records of patients diagnosed with CLL at age ?80?years at seven medical centers in Israel during 1979-2009 were reviewed. Patients inclu
• PMID 21614458

Japanese Journal

• 進化型多目的最適化に基づく少数方向投影からのCT画像再構成

• 大江 将悟,渡邉 真也,塩谷 浩之
• 情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2011-MPS-85(14), 1-6, 2011-09-08
• 投影方向の限定されたコンピュータトモグラフィ (Computed Tomography, CT) である少数投影 CT は逆問題の 1 種であり,欠損情報を推定することにより内部画像の再構成を行う.本研究では,この問題に対して GS アルゴリズム (Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm) と進化型多目的最適化手法 (Evolutionary Multi-criterion Opti …
• NAID 110008606644

• 特徴表現のスパース性を考慮したNMF

• 木村 圭吾,吉田 哲也
• 情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2011-MPS-85(2), 1-6, 2011-09-08
• 本稿では,特徴表現のスパース制約を考慮した NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization) を提案する.近年,要素が非負である実行列を,同じく要素が非負である実行列の積として表現する非負値行列分解 (NMF) が注目を集めている.従来の研究では NMF における非負性制約が非零の要素が少ないスパースな特徴表現の学習に寄与すると考えられ,またスパース制約を導入した手法 …
• NAID 110008606632

• Complexity of Minimum Certificate Dispersal Problem with Tree Structure

• Taisuke Izumi,Tomoko Izumi,Hirotaka Ono,Koichi Wada
• 情報処理学会研究報告. AL, アルゴリズム研究会報告 2011-AL-136(3), 1-8, 2011-08-30
• … In this paper, we investigate the complexity of MCD with sparse (tree) structures. …
• NAID 110008601834

Related Links

• 組み込み Linux 開発の手引き - sparse

sparseプログラムは、静的にプログラムをチェックし、間違いがあれば警告を出してくれ ます。Linuxカーネルのソースコードにおいて、ユーザ空間へのポインタとカーネル空間 へのポインタが混在してしまっていたのをチェックするために、Linusが2003年に最初に ...

• まばらなファイル(Sparse File)の恐怖

タイトルにもあるとおり、スパースファイルは取り扱いを間違えると大変な目に会います。 とりあえずスパースファイルの説明を。（知ってたらこの段落は飛ばしてください。） Win2000で使われているNTFSのディスク上ではスパースファイルという見かけ上だけ サイズ ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「low density」「低密度」「hypodense」
拡張検索	「sparsely」「sparse coding」
関連記事	「spar」

「low density」

　　[★]

• 低密度、低比重

関

hypobaric、hypodense、sparse、sparsely

同

低吸収域

「低密度」

　　[★]

英

low density、sparse、hypodense、sparsely

関

低比重

「hypodense」

　　[★]

• 低密度の

関

low density、sparse、sparsely

「sparsely」

　　[★]

• 低密度に

関

hypodense、low density、sparse

　 　

「sparse coding」

　　[★] スパースコーディング

「spar」

　　[★]