WordNet

unrefined in character; "low comedy"
an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
precisely so; "on the very next page"; "he expected the very opposite"
used as intensifiers; `real is sometimes used informally for `really; `rattling is informal; "she was very gifted"; "he played very well"; "a really enjoyable evening"; "Im real sorry about it"; "a rattling good yarn" (同)really, real, rattling
precisely as stated; "the very center of town"
the amount per unit size (同)denseness
British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) (同)David Low, Sir David Low, Sir David Alexander Cecil Low
a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood

PrepTutorEJDIC

(高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
(牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
《副詞・形容詞・分詞形容詞を強めて》『非常に』,とても,たいへん,きわめて / 《否定語と共に用いて》『あまり』,さほど,たいして(…でない) / 《same, opposite, [one's]ownなどの前で》『真に,まったく』,ほんとうに / 《古》まったくの,本物の,真の / 《the(this,that,one's)~》『まさにその』,ちょうどその / 《the(one's)~》ただ…だけで(mere);(…)でさえ,までも(even)
〈U〉『密集』;『密度』,濃さ / 〈U〉〈C〉(物質の)密度,濃度,比重 / 〈U〉《話》頭の鈍さ,愚鈍さ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/11 21:54:55」(JST)

wiki en

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver.^[1] VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). VLDL particles have a diameter of 30-80 nm. VLDL transports endogenous products, whereas chylomicrons transport exogenous (dietary) products. Recently both the lipid composition ^[2] and protein composition ^[3] of this lipoprotein were characterised in great detail.

Function

VLDL transports endogenous triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. It functions as the body's internal transport mechanism for lipids. In addition it serves for long-range transport of hydrophobic intercellular messengers, like the morphogen Indian hedgehog (protein).^[4]

Changes during circulation

Nascent VLDL released from the liver contains Apolipoprotein B100, apolipoprotein C1 (apoC1), apolipoprotein E (apoE), cholesterol, cholestryl esters, and triglycerides. As it circulates in blood, it picks up apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) and additional apoE donated from high-density lipoprotein (HDL). At this point, nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the capillary beds in the body (adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle). LPL will remove triglycerides from VLDL for storage or energy production. VLDL now meets back up with HDL where apoC-II is transferred back to HDL (but keeps apoE). HDL also transfers cholesteryl esters to the VLDL in exchange for phospholipids and triglycerides via cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP). As more and more triglycerides are removed from the VLDL because of the action of LPL and CETP enzymes, the composition of the molecule changes, and it becomes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).^[5]

Fifty percent of IDLs are recognized by receptors in the liver cells because of the apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) and apoE they contain and are endocytosed. The other 50% of IDL lose apoE. When their cholesterol content becomes greater than the content of triglyceride, they become LDL, with apoB-100 as the primary apolipoprotein. The LDL is taken into a cell via the LDL receptor via endocytosis, where the contents are either stored, used for cell membrane structure, or converted into other products such as steroid hormones or bile acids.^[6]

UpToDate Contents

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1. リポ蛋白の分類、代謝、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症における役割 lipoprotein classification metabolism and role in atherosclerosis
2. 血中脂質およびリポ蛋白の測定 measurement of blood lipids and lipoproteins
3. 高トリグリセリド血症患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with hypertriglyceridemia
4. リポ蛋白aと心血管疾患 lipoprotein a and cardiovascular disease
5. スタチン系およびフィブラート系以外の薬剤による脂質低下 lipid lowering with drugs other than statins and fibrates

English Journal

Targeting mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux and lipid phenotype.

Taylor JM, Allen AM, Graham A.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Nov 1;127(10):603-13. doi: 10.1042/CS20140047.
The aim of the present study was to establish mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as a potential therapeutic target, capable of increasing macrophage cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors. Expression and activity of TSPO in human (THP-1) macrophages w
PMID 24814875

Reelin/DAB-1 Signaling in the Embryonic Limb Regulates the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Digit Mesodermal Progenitors.

Diaz-Mendoza MJ1, Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Oct;229(10):1397-404. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24576.
Reelin is a bioactive component of some extracellular matrices. Most studies on this signaling glycoprotein have been performed in the developing nervous system, where Reelin binds to the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) of target cells. This ind
PMID 24519818

Triglyceride is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among markers of hyperlipidemia and diabetes.

Tomizawa M1, Kawanabe Y2, Shinozaki F3, Sato S2, Motoyoshi Y4, Sugiyama T5, Yamamoto S6, Sueishi M5.
Biomedical reports.Biomed Rep.2014 Sep;2(5):633-636. Epub 2014 Jul 1.
The aim of the present study was to reveal the metabolic disorders most commonly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), blood glucose (BG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were anal
PMID 25054002

Japanese Journal

Immunohistochemical and histoplanimetrical study on the endothelial receptor involved in transportation of minute chylomicrons into subepithelial portal blood in intestinal villi of the rat jejunum

TAKAHARA Ei-ichirou,YUASA Hideto,NISHIDA Miho,MANTANI Youhei,UDAYANGA Kankanam Gamage Sanath,QI Wang-Mei,TAKEUCHI Takashi,YOKOYAMA Toshifumi,HOSHI Nobuhiko,KITAGAWA Hiroshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(4), 387-393, 2015
… Immunopositivity for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor was detected on the luminal and basal surfaces of the endothelial cells of sBC in approximately 68% of those apices of jejunal villi that possessed numerous chylomicrons in the lamina propria, while VLDL receptor was detected on the endothelial cells of sBC in only approximately 8% of intestinal villi that possessed few or no chylomicrons in the lamina propria. …
NAID 130005067015

Effect of Supplementing Synthetic Amino Acids in Low-protein Diet and Subsequent Re-feeding on Growth Performance, Serum Lipid Profile and Chemical Body Composition of Broiler Chickens

Nukreaw Rattana,Bunchasak Chaiyapoom
The Journal of Poultry Science 52(2), 127-136, 2015
… This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) in low protein (Low-CP) diet during 1-21 days of age, and subsequent re-feeding with conventional diet during 22-42 days of age on growth performance, serum lipid profile, chemical body composition and carcass quality of broiler chickens. …
NAID 130005066312

Lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations associated with dog body condition score; effect of recommended fasting duration on sample concentrations in Japanese private clinics

USUI Shiho,YASUDA Hidemi,KOKETSU Yuzo
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… The objectives of this study were to survey clinics' guidance about recommended fasting duration (FD) prior to lipoprotein analysis, and to characterize lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in obese and overweight dogs categorized on the basis of the 5-point body condition score (BCS) scale. … A dataset was created from lipoprotein analysis medical records of 1,538 dogs from 75 breeds in 354 clinics from 2012 to 2013. …
NAID 130005061024

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「VLDL」
拡張検索	「very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol」
関連記事	「very」「low」「low density」「lipoprotein」「lipoproteins」

「VLDL」

　　[★]

英: very-low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoproteins, very low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins
同: 超低比重リポ蛋白
関: プレβリポタンパク

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超低密度リポ蛋白 : 約 24,100 件
超低密度リポ蛋白質 : 約 81 件
超低密度リポタンパク : 82 件
超低密度リポタンパク質 : 約 41,500 件
超低比重リポ蛋白 : 約 44,900 件
超低比重リポ蛋白質 : 約 55 件
超低比重リポタンパク : 約 21,400 件
超低比重リポタンパク質 : 約 88 件