あいまいな、漠然とした

関: ambiguous、indefinitely、obscure、unclear

WordNet

having no intrinsic or objective meaning; not organized in conventional patterns; "an ambiguous situation with no frame of reference"; "ambiguous inkblots"
having more than one possible meaning; "ambiguous words"; "frustrated by ambiguous instructions, the parents were unable to assemble the toy"
reduce a vowel to a neutral one, such as a schwa
make obscure or unclear; "The distinction was obscured" (同)bedim, overcloud
make undecipherable or imperceptible by obscuring or concealing; "a hidden message"; "a veiled threat" (同)blot_out, obliterate, veil, hide
make less visible or unclear; "The stars are obscured by the clouds"; "the big elm tree obscures our view of the valley" (同)befog, becloud, obnubilate, haze over, fog, cloud, mist
not famous or acclaimed; "an obscure family"; "unsung heroes of the war" (同)unknown, unsung
not drawing attention; "an unnoticeable cigarette burn on the carpet"; "an obscure flaw" (同)unnoticeable
not clearly understood or expressed; "an obscure turn of phrase"; "an impulse to go off and fight certain obscure battles of his own spirit"-Anatole Broyard; "their descriptions of human behavior become vague, dull, and unclear"- P.A.Sorokin; "vague...forms of speech...have so long passed for mysteries of science"- John Locke (同)vague
somewhat indefinite; "bearing a general resemblance to the original"; "a general description of the merchandise"
a general officer of the highest rank (同)full general
the head of a religious order or congregation (同)superior general
a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular); "he discussed the general but neglected the particular"
affecting the entire body; "a general anesthetic"; "general symptoms"
applying to all or most members of a category or group; "the general public"; "general assistance"; "a general rule"; "in general terms"; "comprehensible to the general reader"
command as a general; "We are generaled by an incompetent!"
not specialized or limited to one class of things; "general studies"; "general knowledge"
prevailing among and common to the general public; "the general discontent"
not clear to the mind; "the law itself was unclear on that point"; "the reason for their actions is unclear to this day"
to an indefinite extent; for an indefinite time; "this could go on indefinitely"
indistinctness of shape or character; "the scene had the swirling vagueness of a painting by Turner"
unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning; "the Conservative manifesto is a model of vagueness"; "these terms were used with a vagueness that suggested little or no thought about what each might convey"
in a vague way; "he looked vaguely familiar"; "he explained it somewhat mistily" (同)mistily

PrepTutorEJDIC

(言葉・意味などが)『はっきりしない』,あいまいな / (考え・感じなどが)『ばく然としている』,ぼんやりした / (形・姿などが)『ぼやけた』,はっきりしない / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《通例最上級で》《話》ほんのわずかの,かすかな
(意味が)いろいろな意味にとれる,多義の / (正体などが)はっきりしない;(輪郭などが)ぼんやりとした,おぼろげな
『はっきりしない』,分かりにくい / よく知られていない,目につかない / 『薄暗』 / …‘を'隠す,おおう / 〈意味など〉あいまいにする,分かりにくくする
(あるグループ)『全部の』,全部を含む / 『世間一般の』,広く行き渡った / 『一般の』,専門的でない / 『大体の』,概略の / 『陸軍大将』;(陸軍の)『将軍』,将官 / 概して,一般に
はっきりしない
『漠然と』,あいまいに

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/24 00:30:55」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

vague（ヴェイグ）は、日本の男女二人組ユニットである。ユニット名vagueには英語で『あいまいな』という意味、フランス語で『波』という意味を持つ。

メンバー

shie（しえ、女性、1984年10月22日生、血液型B型 - ）Vocal
Yu（ゆう、男性、1979年1月12日生、血液型O型 - ）Compose

略歴

2003年8月15日、Music Bird 全国コミュニティFM放送共同企画平和祈念終戦特別放送のテーマソングとして『Power of Love』が起用され、2003年9月1日、シングル『Power of Love』を発売、インディーズとしてデビューする。その後、代々木公園、渋谷、吉祥寺、新宿、池袋、横浜、川崎、戸田公園駅など、関東地域での幅広い路上ライブや、ライブハウスでの活動を精力的に行っている。他に、舞台への楽曲提供、TV出演、2007年1月には映画あなたを忘れないプレミアムビッグコンサートに参加し、日本武道館でのライブも行った。

2009年4月から6月までの間、『Search for the Answer』が、TBSテレビ夢の扉〜NEXT DOOR〜のイメージソングに起用された。

2009年8月19日、ポニーキャニオンから、アルバム『あなたにずっと見ててほしくて』にてメジャーデビュー。

2015年9月から開演した舞台「武士白虎～もののふ白き虎～」において、主題歌『憧れの背中』と挿入歌『月』（※『月』はvague&飯田舞での楽曲）が起用された。

ディスコグラフィ

アルバム

あなたにずっと見ててほしくて品番：PCCA.02989(2009年8月19日発売)
1. Search for the Answer
2. 東京
3. 心
4. 愛してるなんて
5. ラブレター
6. 最低の僕、最高の僕
7. 冬の夜空

M-1 Search for the Answer:TBSテレビ夢の扉〜NEXT DOOR〜イメージソング

インディーズ時代の作品

シングル

Power of Love（2003年9月1日発売）
1. Power of Love
2. 蝶々結び
3. ヨワムシ
4. Power of Love（Acoustic Version）

M-1 Power of Love：Music Bird 全国コミュニティFM放送共同企画平和祈念終戦特別放送テーマソング

光と影（2004年4月29日発売）
1. 光と影
2. 月がキレイ
3. ななつの恋
4. 東京
5. 光と影（piano version）

M-1 光と影：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「DECADANCE Ⅰ・Ⅱ」主題歌

M-2 月がキレイ：劇団AND ENDLESS舞台「DECADANCE Ⅰ・Ⅱ」挿入歌

M-3 ななつの恋：スカイパーフェクTV「グラビアの美少女」エンディングテーマ

アルバム

何色（2005年2月8日発売）
1. 何色
2. 大切なもの
3. グラス
4. 心
5. 一番素敵な偶然
6. Laundry
7. NEXT
8. ハリネズミ
9. 泣くな
10. 花
11. 命
12. Happy birthday

M-2 大切なもの：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「FANTASISTA」挿入歌

M-6 Laundry：東京国際ファンタスティック映画祭 600sec笑い部門グランプリ作品「ロボ子のやり方」主題歌

M-10 花：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「西遊記」挿入歌

春夏冬（2006年5月2日発売）
1. 桜の下
2. ラブレター
3. 夏の虫
4. ひまわり
5. 飛行機雲
6. 春夏冬
7. 強い恋
8. ラズベリー☆
9. サーキット
10. これが運命ならいいな
11. 雪だるま
12. liar
13. 最低の僕、最高の僕
14. 宝物

M-3 夏の虫：映画「あなたを忘れない」挿入歌

M-5 飛行機雲：舞台「飛行機雲」挿入歌

M-6 春夏冬：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「美しの水」挿入歌

M-7 強い恋：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「美しの水」挿入歌

M-13 最低の僕、最高の僕：映画「不良少年の夢」応援歌

愛逢傘（2008年5月18日発売）
1. ゴメンネ
2. 雨降る帰り道
3. 夏の記憶
4. 愛逢傘
5. ココナッツミルク
6. 明日は笑えるように
7. 雨のち晴れ
8. switch
9. ワケありBBQ
10. HOME
11. 優しく美しく
12. 冬の夜空
13. 今日のサヨナラの意味は

M-7 雨のち晴れ：劇団AND ENDLESS 舞台「THE CRUSING GENTLEMEN」主題歌

M-8 switch：月刊「Gファンタジー｣連載中の「switch」舞台主題歌

参加作品

スター★ヒットパレード『昭和の名曲アレンジベスト盤』（2006年3月22日）

TX「ぶちぬきロンブー」に出演、番組内でインディーズバンドがアレンジした曲がCDになって発売された。

vagueは最優秀アレンジソング大賞を受賞した。

M-4に『少年時代（R&Bアレンジ）』が収録。

あなたを忘れない Original Sound Track（2007年1月24日）

映画「あなたを忘れない」で挿入歌として『虹』が起用される。

M-9に『虹』が収録。

未発表曲

Feel your Love
moonlight
冬のあと
Promise
私は歌う
sada
ヒトシズク
ララキララ
誰そ彼
Another world
ふるさと
HAPPY MERRY X'mas
close my eyes
恋愛シミュレーション
Magic☆
大好き
Good morning
憧れの背中

外部リンク

vague公式サイト
♪vague日記♪
ポニーキャニオン

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In analytic philosophy and linguistics, a concept may be considered vague if its extension is deemed lacking in clarity, if there is uncertainty about which objects belong to the concept or which exhibit characteristics that have this predicate (so-called "border-line cases"), or if the Sorites paradox applies to the concept or predicate.^[1]

In everyday speech, vagueness is an inevitable, often even desired effect of language usage. However, in most specialized texts (e.g., legal documents), vagueness is often regarded as problematic and undesirable.

Importance

Vagueness is philosophically important. Suppose one wants to come up with a definition of "right" in the moral sense. One wants a definition to cover actions that are clearly right and exclude actions that are clearly wrong, but what does one do with the borderline cases? Surely, there are such cases. Some philosophers say that one should try to come up with a definition that is itself unclear on just those cases. Others say that one has an interest in making his or her definitions more precise than ordinary language, or his or her ordinary concepts, themselves allow; they recommend one advances precising definitions.^[1]

Vagueness is also a problem which arises in law, and in some cases judges have to arbitrate regarding whether a borderline case does, or does not, satisfy a given vague concept. Examples include disability (how much loss of vision is required before one is legally blind?), human life (at what point from conception to birth is one a legal human being, protected for instance by laws against murder?), adulthood (most familiarly reflected in legal ages for driving, drinking, voting, consensual sex, etc.), race (how to classify someone of mixed racial heritage), etc. Even such apparently unambiguous concepts such as gender can be subject to vagueness problems, not just from transsexuals' gender transitions but also from certain genetic conditions which can give an individual mixed male and female biological traits (see intersex).

Many scientific concepts are of necessity vague, for instance species in biology cannot be precisely defined, owing to unclear cases such as ring species. Nonetheless, the concept of species can be clearly applied in the vast majority of cases. As this example illustrates, to say that a definition is "vague" is not necessarily a criticism. Consider those animals in Alaska that are the result of breeding Huskies and wolves: are they dogs? It is not clear: they are borderline cases of dogs. This means one's ordinary concept of doghood is not clear enough to let us rule conclusively in this case.

Approaches

The philosophical question of what the best theoretical treatment of vagueness is - which is closely related to the problem of the paradox of the heap, a.k.a. sorites paradox - has been the subject of much philosophical debate.

Fuzzy logic

One theoretical approach is that of fuzzy logic, developed by American mathematician Lotfi Zadeh. Fuzzy logic proposes a gradual transition between "perfect falsity", for example, the statement "Bill Clinton is bald", to "perfect truth", for, say, "Patrick Stewart is bald". In ordinary logics, there are only two truth-values: "true" and "false". The fuzzy perspective differs by introducing an infinite number of truth-values along a spectrum between perfect truth and perfect falsity. Perfect truth may be represented by "1", and perfect falsity by "0". Borderline cases are thought of as having a "truth-value" anywhere between 0 and 1 (for example, 0.6). Advocates of the fuzzy logic approach have included K. F. Machina (1976) ^[2] and Dorothy Edgington (1993).^[3]

Supervaluationism

Another theoretical approach is known as "supervaluationism". This approach has been defended by Kit Fine and Rosanna Keefe. Fine argues that borderline applications of vague predicates are neither true nor false, but rather are instances of "truth value gaps". He defends an interesting and sophisticated system of vague semantics, based on the notion that a vague predicate might be "made precise" in many alternative ways. This system has the consequence that borderline cases of vague terms yield statements that are neither true, nor false.^[4]

Given a supervaluationist semantics, one can define the predicate 'supertrue' as meaning "true on all precisifications". This predicate will not change the semantics of atomic statements (e.g. 'Frank is bald', where Frank is a borderline case of baldness), but does have consequences for logically complex statements. In particular, the tautologies of sentential logic, such as 'Frank is bald or Frank is not bald', will turn out to be supertrue, since on any precisification of baldness, either 'Frank is bald' or 'Frank is not bald' will be true. Since the presence of borderline cases seems to threaten principles like this one (excluded middle), the fact that supervaluationism can "rescue" them is seen as a virtue.

The epistemicist view

A third approach, known as the "epistemicist view", has been defended by Timothy Williamson (1994),^[1] R. A. Sorensen (1988) ^[5] and (2001),^[6] and Nicholas Rescher (2009).^[7] They maintain that vague predicates do, in fact, draw sharp boundaries, but that one cannot know where these boundaries lie. One's confusion about whether some vague word does or does not apply in a borderline case is explained as being due to one's ignorance. For example, on the epistemicist view, there is a fact of the matter, for every person, about whether that person is old or not old. It is just that one may sometimes be ignorant of this fact.

Vagueness as a property of objects

One possibility is that one's words and concepts are perfectly precise, but that objects themselves are vague. Consider Peter Unger's example of a cloud (from his famous 1980 paper, "The Problem of the Many") : it's not clear where the boundary of a cloud lies; for any given bit of water vapor, one can ask whether it's part of the cloud or not, and for many such bits, one won't know how to answer. So perhaps one's term 'cloud' denotes a vague object precisely. This strategy has been poorly received, in part due to Gareth Evans's short paper "Can There Be Vague Objects?" (1978).^[8] Evans's argument appears to show that there can be no vague identities (e.g. "Princeton = Princeton Borough"), but as Lewis (1988) makes clear, Evans takes for granted that there are in fact vague identities, and that any proof to the contrary cannot be right. Since the proof Evans produces relies on the assumption that terms precisely denote vague objects, the implication is that the assumption is false, and so the vague-objects view is wrong.

Still by, for instance, proposing alternative deduction rules involving Leibniz's law or other rules for validity some philosophers are willing to defend vagueness as some kind of metaphysical phenomenon. One has, for example, Peter van Inwagen (1990),^[9] Trenton Merricks and Terence Parsons (2000).^[10]

Legal principle

In the common law system, vagueness is a possible legal defence against by-laws and other regulations. The legal principle is that delegated power cannot be used more broadly than the delegator intended. Therefore, a regulation may not be so vague as to regulate areas beyond what the law allows. Any such regulation would be "void for vagueness" and unenforceable. This principle is sometimes used to strike down municipal by-laws that forbid "explicit" or "objectionable" contents from being sold in a certain city; courts often find such expressions to be too vague, giving municipal inspectors discretion beyond what the law allows. In the US this is known as the vagueness doctrine and in Europe as the principle of legal certainty.

References

General

Deemter, Kees van. Not Exactly: In Praise of Vagueness (Oxford University Press; 368 pages; 2010).
Considers vagueness as both a useful and unavoidable aspect of realms from everyday life to computing.
Keefe, R. and Smith, P., ed. (1997). Vagueness: A Reader. MIT Press.
The editors' long introduction gives a clear and very useful overview of theories of vagueness, and they collect many classic papers on the subject.
Keefe, R. 2000. Vagueness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Technicalities are kept to a minimum to favour a clear account, extremely useful to both students and researchers.
Rick Nouwen and Robert van Rooij and Uli Sauerland and Hans-Christian Schmitz, ed. (Jul 2009). International Workshop on Vagueness in Communication (ViC; held as part of ESSLLI). LNAI 6517. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-18445-1.

Specific

^ ^a ^b ^c Williamson, T. 1994. Vagueness London: Routledge.
The history of the problem of vagueness is traced, from the first Sorites Paradox to contemporary attempts to deal with higher-order vagueness such as many-valued logic, supervaluationism, and fuzzy logic. Technicalities are kept to a minimum to favour a clear account, extremely useful to both students and researchers.
^ Machina, K.F. 1976. "Truth, belief and vagueness", in Journal of Philosophical Logic Vol. 5. pp. 47-78
^ Edgington, D. (1997). Keefe, R. and Smith, P., ed. Vagueness by degrees (PDF). MIT Press. pp. 294–316.
^ Kit Fine, The Limits of Abstraction (2002)
^ Sorensen, R.A. 1988. Blindspots. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Sorensen, Roy (2001). Vagueness and Contradiction. Oxford University Press.
^ Rescher, N. 2009. Unknowability. Lexington Books.
Uses vagrant predicates to elucidate the problem.
^ Evans, G. (1978). "Can There Be Vague Objects?". Analysis 38: 208–. doi:10.1093/analys/38.4.208.
^ Van Inwagen, Peter. 1990 Material Beings. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
^ Parsons, Terence. 2000. Indeterminate Identity - Metaphysics and Semantics Oxford: Clarendon Press.

External links

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
A defence of the fuzzy view of vagueness
Extensive bibliography maintained by David Angler

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