equivocal

• adj.

• 多義的な、疑わしい、不確かな

関

doubtful、dubious、suspicious、uncertain、uncertainly、unclear、unclearly

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. uncertain as a sign or indication; "the evidence from bacteriologic analysis was equivocal"
2. open to two or more interpretations; or of uncertain nature or significance; or (often) intended to mislead; "an equivocal statement"; "the polling had a complex and equivocal (or ambiguous) message for potential female candidates"; "the officers equivocal behavior increased the victims uneasiness"; "popularity is an equivocal crown"; "an equivocal response to an embarrassing question" (同)ambiguous
3. open to question; "aliens of equivocal loyalty"; "his conscience reproached him with the equivocal character of the union into which he had forced his son"-Anna Jameson
4. not established beyond doubt; still undecided or unknown; "an uncertain future"; "a manuscript of uncertain origin"; "plans are still uncertain"; "changes of great if uncertain consequences"; "without further evidence his story must remain uncertain"
5. lacking or indicating lack of confidence or assurance; "uncertain of his convictions"; "unsure of himself and his future"; "moving with uncertain (or unsure) steps"; "an uncertain smile"; "touched the ornaments with uncertain fingers" (同)unsure, incertain
6. ambiguous (especially in the negative); "she spoke in no uncertain terms"
7. not certain to occur; not inevitable; "everything is uncertain about the army"; "the issue is uncertain"
8. not consistent or dependable; "an uncertain recollection of events"; "a gun with a rather uncertain trigger"
9. unsettled in mind or opinion; "drew a few tentative conclusions" (同)tentative
10. fraught with uncertainty or doubt; "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"; "it was doubtful whether she would be admitted"; "dubious about agreeing to go" (同)dubious
11. open to doubt or suspicion; "the candidates doubtful past"; "he has a dubious record indeed"; "what one found uncertain the other found dubious or downright false"; "it was more than dubitable whether the friend was as influential as she thought"- Karen Horney (同)dubious, dubitable, in question
12. not clear to the mind; "the law itself was unclear on that point"; "the reason for their actions is unclear to this day"
13. not convinced; "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
14. showing lack of certainty; "he paused uncertainly"
15. admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion; "unequivocal evidence"; "took an unequivocal position"; "an unequivocal success"; "an unequivocal promise"; "an unequivocal (or univocal) statement" (同)univocal, unambiguous

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 二つの意味(いろいろな意味)に取れる(ambiguous) / 疑わしい(doubtful) / 〈人・行動が〉いかがわしい
2. 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)『確信が持てない』,はっきり分からない / (結果などが)『確かでない』,はっきりしない,疑わしい / 『変わりやすい』,不安定な / 明確でない,ぼんやりした
3. (事が)『疑わしい』,疑問を抱かせる,不確かな / (人が)『疑っている』,怪しんでいる / いかがわしい,問題となる
4. はっきりしない
5. 疑わしい,はっきりしない(uncertain),あいまいな(ambiguous) / 疑っている,不審に思っている / (人物・行動などが)いかがわしい,怪しげな
6. 確信なく;疑わしく;変わりやすく;ぼんやりと
7. あいまいでない,明確な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/01 15:34:04」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Equivocation (disambiguation).

Equivocation ("to call by the same name") is an informal logical fallacy. It is the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning or sense (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). It generally occurs with polysemic words (words with multiple meanings).

Albeit in common parlance it is used in a variety of contexts, when discussed as a fallacy, equivocation only occurs when the arguer makes a word or phrase employed in two (or more) different senses in an argument appear to have the same meaning throughout.

It is therefore distinct from (semantic) ambiguity, which means that the context doesn't make the meaning of the word or phrase clear, and amphiboly (or syntactical ambiguity), which refers to ambiguous sentence structure due to punctuation or syntax.

A common case of equivocation is the fallacious use in a syllogism (a logical chain of reasoning) of a term several times, but giving the term a different meaning each time.

Examples

A feather is light.

What is light cannot be dark.

Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.

In the above example distinct meanings of the word "light" are implied in contexts of the first and second statements.

All jackasses have long ears.

Carl is a jackass.

Therefore, Carl has long ears.

Here the equivocation is the metaphorical use of "jackass" to imply a stupid or obnoxious person instead of a male donkey.

See also

• Principle of explosion
• Evasion (ethics)
• Fallacy of four terms
• False equivalence
• If-by-whiskey
• Mental reservation
• Plausible deniability
• When a white horse is not a horse

References

• Logical Fallacy: Equivocation The Fallacy Files

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Physical abuse is associated with HIV-related drug risk.

• Reddy MK1, Anderson BJ2, Liebschutz J3, Stein MD4.Author information 1Psychosocial Research, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Building 32, Providence, RI 02908, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: madhavi_reddy@brown.edu.2General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906, USA.3Division of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.4General Medicine Research Unit, Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906, USA; Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA.AbstractThose who have experienced abuse may be prone to engaging in risky sexual behavior and risky drug use. The relationship between sexual abuse and risky behavior has been well established in the literature, but the association between physical abuse and risky drug use has been equivocal. We hypothesize that the experience of PTSD symptoms following physical abuse leads to risky drug use. Therefore, we examined the associations among physical abuse history, PTSD symptoms, and HIV-related drug risk in a sample of 121 opioid-dependent persons to determine whether PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between physical abuse history and drug risk. Participants were recruited during an acute care hospital inpatient stay. Physical abuse history was associated with increased drug risk, and PTSD symptoms were associated with increased drug risk. However, PTSD symptoms were not found to be a mediator of the association between physical abuse history and HIV-related drug risk. These findings highlight the importance of assessing abuse history in high-risk samples of opioid users.
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• Those who have experienced abuse may be prone to engaging in risky sexual behavior and risky drug use. The relationship between sexual abuse and risky behavior has been well established in the literature, but the association between physical abuse and risky drug use has been equivocal. We hypothesiz
• PMID 24612769

• The influence of anesthesia and pain management on cognitive dysfunction after joint arthroplasty: a systematic review.

• Zywiel MG1, Prabhu A, Perruccio AV, Gandhi R.Author information 1Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, 446, 1 East Wing, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada, mike.zywiel@mail.utoronto.ca.AbstractBACKGROUND: Despite the overall success of total joint arthroplasty, patients undergoing this procedure remain susceptible to cognitive decline and/or delirium, collectively termed postoperative cognitive dysfunction. However, no consensus exists as to whether general or regional anesthesia results in a lower likelihood that a patient may experience this complication, and controversy surrounds the role of pain management strategies to minimize the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
• Clinical orthopaedics and related research.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2014 May;472(5):1453-66. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3363-2.
• BACKGROUND: Despite the overall success of total joint arthroplasty, patients undergoing this procedure remain susceptible to cognitive decline and/or delirium, collectively termed postoperative cognitive dysfunction. However, no consensus exists as to whether general or regional anesthesia results
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• Imaging of thymus in myasthenia gravis: From thymic hyperplasia to thymic tumor.

• Priola AM1, Priola SM2.Author information 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy. Electronic address: adriano.priola@inwind.it.2Department of Diagnostic Imaging, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.AbstractMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder often associated with thymic abnormalities. At onset, thymic lymphoid hyperplasia (TLH) and thymoma can be found in up to 65% and 15% of patients, respectively. Diagnostic imaging is crucial in this setting in order to detect the presence and type of the thymic abnormality and in the preoperative planning, when indicated. Chest radiography has a minor role due to its low accuracy. Computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice, although the differentiation between a small thymoma and TLH that appears as a focal soft-tissue mass may be not possible. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not usually employed, but it is useful in equivocal cases, especially in differentiating focal TLH from thymoma by using chemical-shift sequences for defining the proper management. In addition, diffusion-weighted (DW)-MRI can differentiate lipid-poor normal/hyperplastic thymus from thymoma and could be useful in differentiating non-advanced from advanced thymomas. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT is not helpful in distinguishing early from advanced thymoma but can be used to differentiate thymic carcinoma from thymoma. Hereby, we discuss the imaging features of thymic abnormalities in MG, even focusing on novel aspects of chemical-shift and DW-MRI.
• Clinical radiology.Clin Radiol.2014 May;69(5):e230-e245. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
• Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder often associated with thymic abnormalities. At onset, thymic lymphoid hyperplasia (TLH) and thymoma can be found in up to 65% and 15% of patients, respectively. Diagnostic imaging is crucial in this setting in order to detect the presence and type of
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• Purinoceptors exert negative inotropic effects on the heart in all major groups of reptiles.

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• Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2014 May;171:16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Feb 9.
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「uncertain」「unclear」「不確か」「uncertainly」「unclearly」
拡張検索	「unequivocally」「unequivocal」

「uncertain」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 不確かな、未定の、不明な、不確定の、不確実な

関

equivocal、inconclusive、indefinite、indefinitely、indeterminate、not clear、obscure、uncertainly、unclear、unclearly、undecided、unexplained、unfixed、unidentified、unknown、unrevealing

　 　 　 　 　 　

「unclear」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 不明な、不明瞭な、不明確な、不確かな、あいまいな

関

ambiguous、equivocal、indefinitely、indistinct、not clear、obscure、uncertain、uncertainly、unclearly、unexplained、unidentified、unknown、unrevealing、vague

　 　

「不確か」

　　[★]

英

uncertain、unclear、equivocal、uncertainly、unclearly

関

不確定、不明、不明瞭、未定、疑わしい、あいまい、多義的、不確実、不明確

「uncertainly」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 不確かに、不確定に

関

equivocal、inconclusive、indefinite、indefinitely、uncertain、unclear、unclearly

　 　

「unclearly」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 不明瞭なままに、不確かなままに

関

equivocal、indistinct、obscure、uncertain、uncertainly、unclear

　

「unequivocally」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 明解に、明白に、明確に。疑いの余地なく、無条件に、決定的に

With no possibility of left ventricular output, this anatomic subtype is unequivocally identified as hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Unfortunately, however, subseqeuent placebo-controlled trials also showed unequivocally that coxibs were associated with an increased risk of atherothrombotic vascular events.

関

undoubtedly, unequivocal, equivocal

「unequivocal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 明解な、明白な

• 1. not equivocal; unambiguous; clear; having only one possible meaning or interpretation:
• 2. absolute; unqualified; not subject to conditions or exceptions:

関

apparent、apparently、clear、clearly、evident、evidently、indisputable、obvious、obviously、overt、overtly、palpable、plain、pronounced、unambiguous、unambiguously、unequivocally