WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
intend (something) to move towards a certain goal; "He aimed his fists towards his opponents face"; "criticism directed at her superior"; "direct your anger towards others, not towards yourself" (同)aim, place, direct, point
sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at (同)butt
a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark" (同)mark
the location of the target that is to be hit (同)target area

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(鉄砲などの)『標的』,的,攻撃目標 / (批評・軽べつなどの)的,種《+of+名》 / (行為などの)目標,到達目標

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/01 05:19:58」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Target cell is a term given to one of three different concepts in medicine.

Hematology [edit]

In hematology, target cells are very abnormal red blood cells, that have a bullseye appearance (See main article: codocyte). These target cells (from red blood cells) are associated with Hemoglobin C, Asplenia, Liver Disease, Thalassemia and severe Iron deficiency anemia. Target cells may be seen on a peripheral blood smear when there is excess membrane relative to the amount of hemoglobin. Membrane may be excessive in liver disease. Intracellular hemoglobin may be lowered during iron deficiency, thalassemia, hemoglobin C or SC and other hemoglobinopathies.

Immunology [edit]

In immunology, target cells are cells which present the antigenic peptide combined with MHC class I molecules to Cytotoxic T cells. These cells have MHC molecules on their surface (in contrast to Antigen Presenting Cells, which in addition also have MHC class II molecules). Target Cells are the normal cells of the body which have undergone some alteration and synthesize abnormal proteins e.g. tumor cells, virus infected cells.

Endocrinology [edit]

In endocrinology, target cells can refer to the cells where hormones have their effect. Target cells are capable of responding to hormones because they bear receptors to which the hormone can bind. Most hormones circulate in blood, coming into contact with essentially all cells. However, a given hormone usually affects only a limited number of cells, which are called target cells. A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone. Hormone receptors are found either exposed on the surface of the cell or within the cell, depending on the type of hormone. A hormone may bind target cells in three general ways:

Endocrine action: the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells.
Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood.
Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it.

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1. 棘状細胞（棘状赤血球および有棘赤血球）と標的細胞の原因 causes of spiculated cells echinocytes and acanthocytes and target cells
2. 全身疾患による外因性の非免疫性溶血性貧血 extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemia due to systemic disease
3. クリッペル・トレノネー・ウェーバー症候群：臨床症状、診断、マネージメント klippel trenaunay syndrome clinical manifestations diagnosis and management
4. 癌免疫療法の原則 principles of cancer immunotherapy
5. 末梢血塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of the peripheral blood smear

English Journal

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview.

Viollet B, Guigas B, Sanz Garcia N, Leclerc J, Foretz M, Andreelli F.Source§Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2012 Mar 1;122(6):253-70.
Considerable efforts have been made since the 1950s to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of metformin, a potent antihyperglycaemic agent now recommended as the first-line oral therapy for T2D (Type 2 diabetes). The main effect of this drug from the biguanide family is
PMID 22117616

Target separation of a new anti-tumor saponin and metabolic profiling of leaves of Panax notoginseng by liquid chromatography with eletrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Mao Q, Yang J, Cui XM, Li JJ, Qi YT, Zhang PH, Wang Q.SourceState Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2012 Feb 5;59:67-77. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
A method coupling high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers (QTOF-MS) using an eletrospray ionization (ESI) source was firstly developed for detection, characterization and guiding target separation of variants of protopanaxdiol saponin from leav
PMID 22047761

Japanese Journal

Targeting the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway in Cancer Therapy

Kohno Michiaki,Tanimura Susumu,Ozaki Kei-ichi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(12), 1781-1784, 2011-12
… This pathway is often upregulated in human cancers and as such represents an attractive target for mechanism-based approaches to cancer treatment. … Blockade of the constitutively activated ERK pathway by an ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor sensitizes tumor cells to apoptotic cell death induced by several cytotoxic anticancer agents including microtubule-destabilizing agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors, not only in vitro but also in tumor zenografts in vivo. …
NAID 120003659810

Neuritogenic activity of a genipin derivative in retinal ganglion cells is mediated by retinoic acid receptor ﾎｲ expression through nitric oxide/S-nitrosylation signaling

Koriyama Yoshiki,Takagi Yusuke,Chiba Kenzo,Yamazaki Matsumi,Arai Kunizo,Matsukawa Toru,Suzuki Hirokazu,Sugitani Kayo,Kagechika Hiroyuki,Kato Satoru
Journal of Neurochemistry 119(6), 1232-1242, 2011-12
… Genipin, a herbal iridoid, is known to have both neuroprotective and neuritogenic activity in neuronal cell lines. … We previously proposed a novel neuroprotective activity of a genipin derivative, (1R)-isoPropyloxygenipin (IPRG001), whereby it reduces oxidative stress in RGC-5, a neuronal precursor cell line of retinal origin through protein S-nitrosylation. …
NAID 120003628232

Protective role of Nrf2 in age-related hearing loss and gentamicin ototoxicity

Hoshino Tomofumi,Tabuchi Keiji,Nishimura Bungo,Tanaka Shuho,Nakayama Masahiro,Ishii Tetsuro,Warabi Eiji,Yanagawa Toru,Shimizu Ritsuku,Yamamoto Masayuki,Hara Akira,星野朝文,田渕経司,西村文吾,石井哲郎,蕨栄治,柳川徹,原晃
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 415(1), 94-98, 2011-11
… Hair cell loss caused by gentamicin treatment wasenhanced in the Nrf2-deficient tissues. … Furthermore, the expressions of some Nrf2-target genes were activatedby gentamicin treatment in wild-type mice but not in Nrf2-knockout mice. …
NAID 120003674225