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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/09 00:25:18」(JST)

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Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and marketed as Ventolin among other names, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs.^[2] It is used to treat asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).^[2] It may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels.^[3] It is usually used by inhaler or nebulizer but is also available as a pill and intravenous solution.^[2]^[4] Onset of action of the inhaled version is typically within 15 minutes and lasts for two to six hours.^[2]

Common side effects include shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, and feeling anxious. Serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm, irregular heartbeat, and low blood potassium levels.^[2] It can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but safety is not entirely clear.^[2]^[5] Salbutamol is a short-acting β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist which works by causing smooth muscles to relax.^[2]

Salbutamol was first made in 1967 in Britain.^[6] It was approved for medical use in the United States 1982.^[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.^[7] It is available as a generic medication.^[2] The wholesale cost of an inhaler which contains 200 doses is between $1.12 and $2.64 (USD) as of 2014.^[8] In the United States it is between $25 and $50 for a typical month supply.^[9]

Medical uses

Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause, allergen asthma or exercise-induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.^[10] Emergency medical practice commonly treats people presenting with asthma who report taking their salbutamol inhaler as prescribed with salbutamol; in general, people tolerate large doses well.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]}

As a β₂ agonist, salbutamol also finds use in obstetrics. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as a tocolytic to relax the uterine smooth muscle to delay premature labor. While preferred over agents such as atosiban and ritodrine, its role has largely been replaced by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, which is more effective, better tolerated and orally administered.^[11]

Salbutamol has been used to treat acute hyperkalemia, as it stimulates potassium flow into cells thus lowering the level in the blood.^[3]

Salbutamol has also been tested in a trial aimed at treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, where it appears to show modest benefits. The drug is speculated to modulate the alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene, increasing the amount of the SMN protein whose deficiency is regarded as the root cause of the disease.^[12]^[13]

Other potential uses include in cystic fibrosis,^{[citation needed]} and subtypes of congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with mutations in Dok-7.^[14]

Adverse effects

The most common side effects are fine tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps, dry mouth, and palpitation.^[15] Other symptoms may include tachycardia, arrhythmia, flushing, myocardial ischemia (rare), and disturbances of sleep and behaviour.^[15] Rarely occurring, but of importance, are allergic reactions of paradoxical bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema, hypotension, and collapse. High doses or prolonged use may cause hypokalaemia, which is of concern especially in patients with renal failure and those on certain diuretics and xanthine derivatives.^[15]

Chemistry

Structure and activity

(R)-(−)-salbutamol (top) and (S)-(+)-salbutamol (bottom)

This drug is sold as a racemic mixture. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination both of it and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer.^[16]

With regard to structure-activity relationships, the tertiary butyl group in albuterol/salbutamol makes it more selective for β₂ receptors.^{[citation needed]}

Detection after dosing

Salbutamol may be quantified in blood or plasma; practical needs for this include to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to aid in a forensic investigation.^{[citation needed]} As well, urinary salbutamol concentrations are frequently measured in competitive sports programs, for which a level in excess of 1000 μg/L is considered to represent abuse.^{[citation needed]}

The window of detection for urine testing is on the order of just 24 hours, given the relatively short elimination half-life of the drug,^[17]^[18]^[19] estimated at between 5 and 6 hours following oral administration of 4 mg.^[20]

Society and culture

Cost

Compliance with the Montreal Protocol, which requires the banning of the use of ozone-layer depleting CFCs, has caused the price of inhalers to increase as much as ten-fold, as generics have been forced off the market from 2009 to 2013 by new patents obtained by pharmaceutical companies for non-CFC delivery systems.

Names

Ventolin 2 mg tablets made by GSK (Turkey)

Salbutamol is the INN while albuterol is the USAN. The drug is usually manufactured and distributed as the sulfate salt (salbutamol sulfate).

It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys (UK) under the brand name Ventolin, and has been used for the treatment of asthma ever since.^[21]

Drug forms of this compound are marketed by GlaxoSmithKline as Ventolin, Ventoline, Ventilan, Aerolin, or Ventorlin, depending on the market; by Cipla as Asthalin and Asthavent; by Schering-Plough as Proventil, by Remedica as Salbutamol 4, by Teva as ProAir and Novo-Salbutamol HFA (Canada), Salamol, or Airomir,by Aristopharma as Asmalin, by Beximco (Bangladesh) as Azmasol by Ad-din Pharma as Ventosol and by Alphapharm as Asmol.^{[citation needed]}

Bodybuilding

Salbutamol has been shown to improve muscle weight in rats^[22] and anecdotal reports hypothesise that it might be an alternative to clenbuterol for purposes of fat burning and muscle gain, with multiple studies supporting this claim.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] Abuse of the drug may be confirmed by detection of its presence in plasma or urine, typically exceeding 1000 µg/L.^[17]

Doping

Clinical studies show no compelling evidence that salbutamol and other β₂ agonists can increase performance in healthy athletes.^[28] In spite of this, salbutamol required "a declaration of Use in accordance with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions" under the 2010 WADA prohibited list. This requirement was relaxed when the 2011 list was published to permit the use of "salbutamol (maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours) and salmeterol when taken by inhalation in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommended therapeutic regimen." ^[29]^[30]

According to two small and limited studies, performed on eight and 16 subjects, respectively, salbutamol increases performance on endurance exercise even for a person without asthma.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Another study contradicts the above findings, however. The double blind, randomised test conducted on 12 non-asthmatic athletes concluded that salbutamol had a negligible effect on endurance performance. Nevertheless, the study also showed that the drug's bronchodilating effect may have improved respiratory adaptation at the beginning of exercise.^[34]

References

^ Health Canada
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Albuterol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Dec 2, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Mahoney, BA; Smith, WA; Lo, DS; Tsoi, K; Tonelli, M; Clase, CM (18 April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD003235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2. PMID 15846652.
^ Starkey, ES; Mulla, H; Sammons, HM; Pandya, HC (September 2014). "Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma: evidence-based medicine?". Archives of Disease in Childhood 99 (9): 873–7. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304467. PMID 24938536.
^ Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 32. ISBN 9781608317080.
^ Landau, Ralph (1999). Pharmaceutical innovation : revolutionizing human health. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780941901215.
^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "Salbutamol". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 448. ISBN 9781284057560.
^ "Albuterol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
^ Rossi, S (2004). Australian Medicines Handbook. AMH. ISBN 0-9578521-4-2.
^ Van Meerbeke, J. P.; Sumner, C. J. (2011). "Progress and promise: The current status of spinal muscular atrophy therapeutics". Discovery medicine 12 (65): 291–305. PMID 22031667.
^ Lewelt, A.; Newcomb, T. M.; Swoboda, K. J. (2011). "New Therapeutic Approaches to Spinal Muscular Atrophy". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1007/s11910-011-0240-9. PMC 3260050. PMID 22134788.
^ Liewluck, Teerin; Selcen, Duygu; Engel, Andrew G. (November 2011). "Beneficial effects of albuterol in congenital endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency and Dok-7 myasthenia". Muscle & Nerve 44 (5): 789–794. doi:10.1002/mus.22176. PMC 3196786. PMID 21952943.
^ ^a ^b ^c "3.1.1.1 Selective beta2 agonists – side effects". British National Formulary (57 ed.). London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal Pharmaceutical Society Publishing. March 2008. ISBN 0-85369-778-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Mehta, Akul. [The tertiary butyl group in salbutamol (or albuterol) makes it more selective for β₂ receptors. http://pharmaxchange.info/notes/medicinal_chemistry/adrenergics_cholinergics.html "Medicinal Chemistry of the Peripheral Nervous System – Adrenergics and Cholinergics their Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Structure Activity Relationships"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 2010-10-20.
^ ^a ^b Baselt, R. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Biomedical Publications. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0-9626523-6-9.
^ Berges, Rosa; S; V; F; M; F; M; D (2000). "Discrimination of Prohibited Oral Use of Salbutamol from Authorized Inhaled Asthma Treatment". Clinical Chemistry 46 (9): 1365–75. PMID 10973867.
^ Schweizer, C; Saugy, M; Kamber, M (2004). "Doping test reveals high concentrations of salbutamol in a Swiss track and field athlete". Clin. J. Sport Med. 14 (5): 312–315. doi:10.1097/00042752-200409000-00018. PMID 15377972. |first4= missing |last4= in Authors list (help)
^ "Albuterol Sulfate", Rx List: The Internet Drug Index, 6/12/2008, retrieved 2014-07-13 Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Ventolin remains a breath of fresh air for asthma sufferers, after 40 years" (PDF). The Pharmaceutical Journal 279 (7473): 404–405.
^ Carter WJ, Lynch ME (September 1994). "Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and clenbuterol on skeletal muscle mass and carcass composition in senescent rats". Metab. Clin. Exp. 43 (9): 1119–25. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90054-X. PMID 7916118.
^ Caruso, JF; Signorile, JF; Perry, AC; Leblanc, B; Williams, R; Clark, M; Bamman, MM (Nov 1995). "The effects of albuterol and isokinetic exercise on the quadriceps muscle group.". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 27 (11): 1471–6. doi:10.1249/00005768-199511000-00002. PMID 8587482.
^ Caruso, J. (20 January 2005). "Albuterol aids resistance exercise in reducing unloading-induced ankle extensor strength losses". Journal of Applied Physiology 98 (5): 1705–1711. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2004.
^ Caruso, John F.; Hamill, John L.; De Garmo, Nicole (2005). "Oral Albuterol Dosing During the Latter Stages of a Resistance Exercise Program". The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19 (1): 102–7. doi:10.1519/R-14793.1. PMID 15705021.
^ Caruso, JF; Hamill, JL; Yamauchi, M; Mercado, DR; Cook, TD; Keller, CP; Montgomery, AG; Elias, J (Jun 2004). "Albuterol helps resistance exercise attenuate unloading-induced knee extensor losses.". Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 75 (6): 505–11. PMID 15198276.
^ Caruso, JF; Hamill, JL; De Garmo, N (Feb 2005). "Oral albuterol dosing during the latter stages of a resistance exercise program.". Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association 19 (1): 102–7. doi:10.1519/00124278-200502000-00018. PMID 15705021.
^ Davis, E; Loiacono, R; Summers, R J (2008). "The rush to adrenaline: drugs in sport acting on the β-adrenergic system". British Journal of Pharmacology 154 (3): 584–97. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.164. PMC 2439523. PMID 18500380.
^ "THE 2010 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD" (PDF). WADA. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
^ "THE 2011 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD" (PDF). WADA. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ Collomp, K; Candau, R; Lasne, F; Labsy, Z; Préfaut, C; De Ceaurriz, J (2000). "Effects of short-term oral salbutamol administration on exercise endurance and metabolism". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) 89 (2): 430–6. PMID 10926623.
^ "Salbutamol: Ergogenic effects of salbutamol". Retrieved 2010-10-20.
^ Van Baak, MA; De Hon, OM; Hartgens, F; Kuipers, H (2004). "Inhaled salbutamol and endurance cycling performance in non-asthmatic athletes". International journal of sports medicine 25 (7): 533–8. doi:10.1055/s-2004-815716. PMID 15459835.
^ Goubault, C; Perault, MC; Leleu, E; Bouquet, S; Legros, P; Vandel, B; Denjean, A (2001). "Effects of inhaled salbutamol in exercising non-asthmatic athletes". Thorax 56 (9): 675–679. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.9.675. PMC 1746141. PMID 11514686.

External links

U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Albuterol
Side Effects
Salbutamol at The Periodic Table of Videos

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 12歳未満の小児における慢性喘息：初回評価および診断 asthma in children younger than 12 years rescue treatment for acute symptoms
2. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）における抗コリン療法の役割 role of anticholinergic therapy in copd
3. 小児における喘息の急性増悪：救急外来によるマネージメント acute asthma exacerbations in children emergency department management
4. 成人における確定診断を得られていない低血圧やショックの評価および初期アプローチ evaluation of and initial approach to the adult patient with undifferentiated hypotension and shock
5. 喘息におけるβ刺激剤：急性期投与および予防的使用 beta agonists in asthma acute administration and prophylactic use

English Journal

Evaluation of air-interfaced Calu-3 cell layers for investigation of inhaled drug interactions with organic cation transporters in vitro.

Mukherjee M, Pritchard DI, Bosquillon C.SourceDivision of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2012 Apr 15;426(1-2):7-14. Epub 2012 Jan 13.
A physiologically pertinent in vitro model is urgently needed for probing interactions between inhaled drugs and the organic cation transporters (OCT) in the bronchial epithelium. This study evaluated OCT expression, functionality, inhibition by common inhaled drugs and impact on formoterol transepi
PMID 22265910

Chronic treatment in vivo with β-adrenoceptor agonists induces dysfunction of airway β(2) -adrenoceptors and exacerbates lung inflammation in mice.

Lin R, Degan S, Theriot BS, Fischer BM, Strachan RT, Liang J, Pierce RA, Sunday ME, Noble PW, Kraft M, Brody AR, Walker JK.SourceDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Imaging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
British journal of pharmacology.Br J Pharmacol.2012 Apr;165(7):2365-2377. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01725.x.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhalation of a β-adrenoceptor agonist (β-agonist) is first-line asthma therapy, used for both prophylaxis against, and acute relief of, bronchoconstriction. However, repeated clinical use of β-agonists leads to impaired bronchoprotection and, in some cases, adverse patient
PMID 22013997

Japanese Journal

非発作時に閉塞性換気障害を呈する気管支喘息患者に対する吸入抗コリン薬の長期効果

野上裕子,本荘哲,岩永知秋
アレルギー 61(11), 1675-1682, 2012-11-30
【目的】非発作時にも閉塞性換気障害を呈する喘息患者に対して,吸入抗コリン薬を投与し,その効果を検討する.【対象と方法】当院外来で管理している喘息患者で,高容量吸入ステロイドや長期間作用性の気管支拡張薬の投与にもかかわらず,安定期のFEV_1/FVC%が70%未満であり,HRCTにおいて気腫性変化は認めず,過去に抗コリン薬の投与がないものを対象とした.気管支拡張薬の急性効果として,サルブタモール(4 …
NAID 110009562064

Sulfation of ractopamine and salbutamol by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases

Ko KyoungA,Kurogi Katsuhisa,Davidson Garrett [他]
Journal of Biochemistry 152(3), 275-283, 2012-09-00
NAID 40019415258

Influence of Peak Inspiratory Flow Rates and Pressure Drops on Inhalation Performance of Dry Powder Inhalers

Hira Daiki,Okuda Tomoyuki,Ichihashi Mika [他],Mizutani Ayano,Ishizeki Kazunori,Okada Toyoko,Okamoto Hirokazu
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60(3), 341-347, 2012
… As a model formulation for inhalers, a physically mixed dry powder composed of salbutamol sulfate and coarse lactose monohydrate was selected. …
NAID 130001852419

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「サルブタモール」「Ventolin」
拡張検索	「salbutamol sulfate」

「サルブタモール」

Salbutamol (INN)
	Salbutamol (top),; (S)-(+)-salbutamol (center) and; (R)-(−)-salbutamol (bottom)
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(RS)-4-[2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
Clinical data
Trade names	Ventolin, Proventil, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy; category	AU: A; US: C (Risk not ruled out); ;
Legal status	AU: S3 (Pharmacist only); CA: F (prescription); UK: POM (Prescription only); US: ℞-only;
Routes of; administration	Oral, inhalational, IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Liver
Onset of action	<15 min (inhaled), <30 min (pill)
Biological half-life	3.8–6 hours
Duration of action	2–6 hrs
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
CAS Number	18559-94-9
ATC code	R03AC02 R03CC02
PubChem	CID 2083
IUPHAR/BPS	558
DrugBank	DB01001
ChemSpider	1999
UNII	QF8SVZ843E
KEGG	D02147
ChEBI	CHEBI:2549
ChEMBL	CHEMBL714
Chemical data
Formula	C13H21NO3
Molar mass	239.311 g/mol
Chirality	1 : 1 mixture (racemate)
	SMILES OCc1cc(ccc1O)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-13(2,3)14-7-12(17)9-4-5-11(16)10(6-9)8-15/h4-6,12,14-17H,7-8H2,1-3H3 ; Key:NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(verify)

　　[★]

英: salbutamol
ラ: salbutamolum
化: 硫酸サルブタモール salbutamol sulfate
商: アイロミール、アスタージス、サルタノール、ベネトリン Ventolin、レナピリン
関: アセチルコリン受容体

特徴

βアドレナリン受容体作動薬

β₂受容体刺激薬

構造

作用機序

気管支平滑筋、肝臓のβ2受容体に結合
(わずかではあるが)心臓のβ1受容体に結合

薬理作用

気管支拡張作用、気管支痙攣の寛解

適応

気道閉塞性障害の緩解：気管支喘息、小児喘息、肺気腫、急性気管支炎、慢性気管支炎、肺結核、珪肺結核
気管支痙攣の緩解　　：気管支喘息、気管支炎、喘息様気管支炎

副作用

β1受容体も刺激するので心拍数↑

肺水腫

日本での報告例はない

K⁺減少

強心配糖体や利尿薬を服用の患者で問題となる

高血糖

肝臓に発現しているβ2受容体に作用→グリコーゲン分解→血糖値↑

「Ventolin」

　　[★]

ベントリン

関: albuterol、salbutamol

「salbutamol sulfate」

　　[★] サルブタモール。硫酸サルブタモール

[1] Health Canada

[AHFS2015-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Albuterol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Dec 2, 2015.

[Mah2005-3] Mahoney, BA; Smith, WA; Lo, DS; Tsoi, K; Tonelli, M; Clase, CM (18 April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD003235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2. PMID 15846652.

[4] Starkey, ES; Mulla, H; Sammons, HM; Pandya, HC (September 2014). "Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma: evidence-based medicine?". Archives of Disease in Childhood 99 (9): 873–7. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304467. PMID 24938536.

[5] Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 32. ISBN 9781608317080.

[6] Landau, Ralph (1999). Pharmaceutical innovation : revolutionizing human health. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780941901215.

[7] "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[8] "Salbutamol". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 5 December 2015.

[Ric2015-9] Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 448. ISBN 9781284057560.

[AHFS-10] "Albuterol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.

[rossi-11] Rossi, S (2004). Australian Medicines Handbook. AMH. ISBN 0-9578521-4-2.

[12] Van Meerbeke, J. P.; Sumner, C. J. (2011). "Progress and promise: The current status of spinal muscular atrophy therapeutics". Discovery medicine 12 (65): 291–305. PMID 22031667.

[13] Lewelt, A.; Newcomb, T. M.; Swoboda, K. J. (2011). "New Therapeutic Approaches to Spinal Muscular Atrophy". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1007/s11910-011-0240-9. PMC 3260050. PMID 22134788.

[14] Liewluck, Teerin; Selcen, Duygu; Engel, Andrew G. (November 2011). "Beneficial effects of albuterol in congenital endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency and Dok-7 myasthenia". Muscle & Nerve 44 (5): 789–794. doi:10.1002/mus.22176. PMC 3196786. PMID 21952943.

[BNF57-15] "3.1.1.1 Selective beta2 agonists – side effects". British National Formulary (57 ed.). London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal Pharmaceutical Society Publishing. March 2008. ISBN 0-85369-778-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[16] Mehta, Akul. [The tertiary butyl group in salbutamol (or albuterol) makes it more selective for β₂ receptors. http://pharmaxchange.info/notes/medicinal_chemistry/adrenergics_cholinergics.html "Medicinal Chemistry of the Peripheral Nervous System – Adrenergics and Cholinergics their Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Structure Activity Relationships"] Check |url= value (help). Retrieved 2010-10-20.

[R._Baselt.2C_2008.2C_pp._33-35-17] Baselt, R. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Biomedical Publications. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0-9626523-6-9.

[18] Berges, Rosa; S; V; F; M; F; M; D (2000). "Discrimination of Prohibited Oral Use of Salbutamol from Authorized Inhaled Asthma Treatment". Clinical Chemistry 46 (9): 1365–75. PMID 10973867.

[19] Schweizer, C; Saugy, M; Kamber, M (2004). "Doping test reveals high concentrations of salbutamol in a Swiss track and field athlete". Clin. J. Sport Med. 14 (5): 312–315. doi:10.1097/00042752-200409000-00018. PMID 15377972. |first4= missing |last4= in Authors list (help)

[20] "Albuterol Sulfate", Rx List: The Internet Drug Index, 6/12/2008, retrieved 2014-07-13 Check date values in: |date= (help)

[21] "Ventolin remains a breath of fresh air for asthma sufferers, after 40 years" (PDF). The Pharmaceutical Journal 279 (7473): 404–405.

[22] Carter WJ, Lynch ME (September 1994). "Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and clenbuterol on skeletal muscle mass and carcass composition in senescent rats". Metab. Clin. Exp. 43 (9): 1119–25. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90054-X. PMID 7916118.

[23] Caruso, JF; Signorile, JF; Perry, AC; Leblanc, B; Williams, R; Clark, M; Bamman, MM (Nov 1995). "The effects of albuterol and isokinetic exercise on the quadriceps muscle group.". Medicine and science in sports and exercise 27 (11): 1471–6. doi:10.1249/00005768-199511000-00002. PMID 8587482.

[24] Caruso, J. (20 January 2005). "Albuterol aids resistance exercise in reducing unloading-induced ankle extensor strength losses". Journal of Applied Physiology 98 (5): 1705–1711. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2004.

[25] Caruso, John F.; Hamill, John L.; De Garmo, Nicole (2005). "Oral Albuterol Dosing During the Latter Stages of a Resistance Exercise Program". The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19 (1): 102–7. doi:10.1519/R-14793.1. PMID 15705021.

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salbutamol