WordNet

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event" (同)effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot
the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual (同)aftermath
having important effects or influence; "decisions of great consequence are made by the president himself"; "virtue is of more moment than security"; "that result is of no consequence" (同)import, moment
a special set of circumstances; "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"; "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" (同)case
a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory
something that happens at a given place and time
of or relating to a phenomenon; "phenomenal science"
exceedingly or unbelievably great; "the bomb did fantastic damage"; "Samson is supposed to have had fantastic strength"; "phenomenaRl feats of memory"
any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning
a remarkable development
phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes (同)psychic phenomenon, parapsychology
to a phenomenal degree; "his reaction was phenomenally quick"

PrepTutorEJDIC

phenomenonの複数形
〈C〉『結果』,成り行き;影響 / 〈C〉《文》重要性,重大さ
(特に重要な)『でき事』,事件;行事 / (スポーツの)『種目』;勝負,試合 / 《文》成り行き,結果
自然現象の(に関する) / 並みはずれた,驚異的な / 知覚できる
『現象』 / 驚くべきこと(物),非凡な人

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/19 21:42:03」(JST)

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A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενoν, phainomenon, from the verb φαίνειν, phainein, to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena),^[1] is any thing which manifests itself. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as "things that appear" or "experiences" for a sentient being, or in principle may be so.

The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon. In contrast to a phenomenon, a noumenon is not directly accessible to observation. Kant was heavily influenced by Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms.

Cloud chamber phenomena. Scientists use phenomena to refine some hypotheses and sometimes to disprove a theory. See also animated version.

Modern philosophical usage

In modern philosophical use, the term 'phenomena' has come to mean 'what is experienced is the basis of reality'. In Immanuel Kant's Inaugural Dissertation, On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World (1770), Kant theorizes that the human mind is restricted to the logical world and thus can only interpret and understand occurrences according to their physical appearances. He wrote that humans could infer only as much as their senses allowed, but not experience the actual object itself. Thus, the term phenomenon refers to any incident deserving of inquiry and investigation, especially events that are particularly unusual or of distinctive importance.^[1] According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, "Modern philosophers have used 'phenomenon' to designate what is apprehended before judgment is applied."^[2] This may not be possible if observation is theory laden.

Scientific

A comparison between a candle flame on Earth (left) and in a microgravity environment, such as that found on the ISS (right).

The same burning phenomenon is observed, but different flame shape and colouring phenomena are also observed.

The combustion of a match is an observable occurrence, or event, and therefore a phenomenon.

In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record, or compile data concerning it. For example, in physics, a phenomenon may be a feature of matter, energy, or spacetime, such as Isaac Newton's observations of the moon's orbit and of gravity, or Galileo Galilei's observations of the motion of a pendulum.^[3]

Another example of scientific phenomena can be found in the experience of phantom limb sensations. This occurrence, the sensation of feeling in amputated limbs, is reported by over 70% of amputees. Although the limb is no longer present, they report still experiencing sensations. This is an extraordinary event that defies typical logic and has been a source of much curiosity within the medical and physiological fields.^[4]

Mechanical

A mechanical phenomenon is a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects.^[5]

Gem

In gemology, a phenomenon is an unusual optical effect that is displayed by a gem. Play-of-color, labradorescence, iridescence, adularescence, chatoyancy, asterism, aventurescence, lustre and color change are all phenomena of this type.^{[citation needed]}

Group and social

Group phenomena concern the behavior of a particular group of individual entities, usually organisms and most especially people. The behavior of individuals often changes in a group setting in various ways, and a group may have its own behaviors not possible for an individual because of the herd mentality.

Social phenomena apply especially to organisms and people in that subjective states are implicit in the term. Attitudes and events particular to a group may have effects beyond the group, and either be adapted by the larger society, or seen as aberrant, being punished or shunned.

Popular usage

In popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event. The term is most commonly used to refer to occurrences that at first defy explanation or baffle the observer. According to the Dictionary of Visual Discourse, "In ordinary language 'phenomenon/phenomena' refer to any occurrence worthy of note and investigation, typically an untoward or unusual event, person or fact that is of special significance or otherwise notable."^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Phenomenon/Phenomena". Dictionary of Visual Discourse: A Dialectical Lexicon of Terms. 2011.
^ "Phenomenon". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008.
^ Jeremy Bernstein, A Theory for Everything, Copernicus, An imprint of Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996, hardback, ISBN 0-387-94700-0
^ Montoyaa, Pedro, , Wolfgang Larbiga, Norbert Grulkea, Herta Florb, Edward Taubc, and Niels Birbaumera. "The Relationship of Phantom Limb Pain to Other Phantom Limb Phenomena in Upper Extremity Amputees." Pain 72 (1997): 87-93. ScienceDirect.com. ScieVerse. Web.
^ "Mechanical phenomenon". Audioenglish.net. Retrieved 23 May 2011.

External links

The dictionary definition of phenomenon at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Phenomenon at Wikiquote

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肺癌の危険因子、病理、および臨床症状の概要 overview of the risk factors pathology and clinical manifestations of lung cancer
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4. 気絶心筋または冬眠心筋の病態生理 pathophysiology of stunned or hibernating myocardium
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English Journal

High resolution magic angle spinning NMR to investigate ligand-receptor binding events for mass-limited samples in liquids.

Ziarelli F, Peng L, Zhang CC, Viel S.SourceFédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille FR CNRS 1739, av. Escadrille Normandie Niémen, Case 511, 13013 Marseille, France.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2012 Feb 5;59:13-7. Epub 2011 Oct 15.
This work shows that high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) can be used to elucidate ligand-receptor binding phenomena for mass-limited samples in liquid solution. With respect to conventional 5mm liquid-state NMR probe heads, HR-MAS allows for a considerable reduction (about one order of mag
PMID 22055929

Cell adhesion on chiral surface: The role of protein adsorption.

Zhou F, Yuan L, Li D, Huang H, Sun T, Chen H.SourceState Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Rd, Wuhan 430070, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Renai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2012 Feb 1;90:97-101. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
Chirality is one of the basic, unique, and most appealing features of biological molecules; however, many intriguing chiral phenomena in biological world remains insufficiently revealed yet. In this research, we fabricated chiral surfaces by assembling natural chiral amino acids-cysteine of opposite
PMID 22055625

Japanese Journal

身体拡張に関わるメカニズムの検討 : 受動的／能動的刺激入力による差異、および、ミラーシステムとの関連性

上田祥代
人間文化創成科学論叢 14, 217-226, 2012-03-31
… In addition, it is reported that mirror system and empathy are related to extended body phenomena. …
NAID 120004025742

沖縄を教材とした社会科実践の研究

澁谷友和,岩本廣美,シブタニトモカズ,イワモトヒロミ,SHIBUTANI Tomokazu,IWAMOTO Hiromi
教育実践開発研究センター研究紀要 21, 109-118, 2012-03-31
… In the end, the result was that the students' level of concern for Okinawan problems did increase, and they did, in fact, develop their ability to think about social phenomena. …
NAID 120003987613

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「現象」「event」「consequence」「事象」「phenomenon」
拡張検索	「biological phenomena」「genetic phenomena」「rebound phenomena」