WordNet

a stage of technological development or innovation; "the third generation of computers"
the normal time between successive generations; "they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade"
the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production (同)multiplication, propagation
the production of heat or electricity; "dams were built for the generation of electricity"
group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions" (同)chemical mechanism
the technical aspects of doing something; "a mechanism of social control"; "mechanisms of communication"; "the mechanics of prose style" (同)mechanics
device consisting of a piece of machinery; has moving parts that perform some function
(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes
a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function; "the mechanism of the ear"; "the mechanism of infection"
form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before"
a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics"
make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" (同)pitter-patter
a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉《the ~》《集合的に》《単数扱い》『同時代の人人』,[同]世代 / 〈C〉〈U〉(家の)『一代』 / 〈C〉世代(ある代の出生から次の代の出生までの期間,約30年) / 〈U〉(電気などの)『発生』,生成《+『of』+『名』》
《時間・距離》『…の間』 / 《利益・貢献》『…のために』 / 《適応・用途》『…向きの(に);』…用の(に);…のための(に) / 《目的・意向》『…のために,』に / 《敬意・記念》『…のために;』…を記念して / 《獲得・追求》『…を得るために』,を求めて / 《行く先・方向》『…あてに;』…[方面]行きの,に向けて / 《交換・報償など》『…に対して』;…と引き換えに;…のお返しに / 《原因・理由》『…のために』,なので / 《代理・代表》『…の代わりに;』…を代表して / 《形容詞の後に用いて》『…にとって,』には / 《比較級の後に用いて》『…の結果として,』…のために / 《対比》『…としては,』のわりには / 《関連》『…について,』の点では / 《資格・属性》『…として』 / 《賛成・支持》…『に賛成して』,を支持して / 《傾向・好み》…『に対する』,には / 《模倣》《おもに米》《英文》…の名を取って(after) / 《割合》…に対して / 《『for』+『名』〈人〉+『to』 doの形で,〈人〉が不定詞to doの意味上の主語を表して》…が(…することは,…するために) / […というのは]…だから
〈C〉機械;(部分的な)機械装置 / 〈C〉(機械装置に似た)機構 / 〈C〉(物事が行われる)仕組み,方法 / 〈U〉機械論
(壁紙・織物などの)『模様』,柄,デザイン / 『模範』,手本 / 『原型』,ひな型 / (行動・性資の)『型』,様式パターン / (…の型)・手本に従って)…‘を'型どる,作る,まねる《+『名』+『upon』(『on, after』)+『名』》 / …‘を'模様をつける
〈雨などが〉パラパラ降る / 〈子供・動物などが〉パタパタ走る / (…の)パラパラ(パタパタ)イウ音《+『of』+『名』》
《時にa~》早口ぺらぺらしゃべること…早口のせりふ / おしゃべり,むだ話 / (ある職業・階級の)仲間言葉,符ちょう / 早口に話す,ぺらぺらしゃべる / 〈祈り・詩など〉‘を'早口に唱える

UpToDate Contents

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1. 高齢者における神経性歩行障害 neurologic gait disorders of elderly people
2. 跛行を呈する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with a limp
3. 次世代DNAシークエンシングの原理および臨床応用 principles and clinical applications of next generation dna sequencing
4. 機能性不随意運動 functional movement disorders
5. 小児における糸球体腎炎の病因と原因の概要 overview of the pathogenesis and causes of glomerulonephritis in children

English Journal

Discrimination of abnormal gait parameters due to increased femoral anteversion from other effects in cerebral palsy.

Akalan NE1, Temelli Y, Kuchimov S.Author information 11 Istanbul University, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul - Turkey.AbstractThe effects of increased femoral anteversion (IFA) on gait pattern have a complex relationship with other orthopaedic and neurological abnormalities of cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to differentiate the effects of IFA from other factors in CP. The four groups in this study included: 15 typically developing children (Group: TDC) (age: 9.7 ± 0.5); 14 TDC with IFA (7.5 ± 1.7) (Group: TDC-IFA); 8 CP participants with IFA (age: 6.3 ± 1.7) (Group: CP IFA); and 10 CP participants with nearly normal femoral anteversion (age: 10.3 ± 4.7) (Group: CP-NFA). Altered peak knee-extension angle and stance-time, increased internal hip-rotation, internal foot-progression (p≤0.05) were influenced by IFA in both groups of CP-NFA and TDC-IFA. For the TDC groups; pelvic-rotation increased and peak knee and hip-extension, knee flexion-moment, peak knee-power generation in late-stance decreased among children with IFA (p≤0.05). For CP children; anterior pelvic-tilt, hip-flexion and peak knee-extension, hip power-absorbsion and generation, and peak knee power-absorsion (K3) increased and peak knee-flexion was delayed by IFA (p≤0.05). Therefore, IFA effects are different in CP and TDC. Peak knee-extension angle increased in TDC and decreased in CP with IFA. Besides the well known gait parameters related to IFA which are increased internal hip-rotation and foot-progression angle, it is recognised that peak knee-extension and stance-time are also influenced. Therefore, before muscle lengthening, femoral derotational osteotomy should be considered in the early stages of growth in CP to improve pelvic stability and the knee extensor mechanism.
Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy.Hip Int.2013 Oct 28;23(5):492-9. doi: 10.5301/hipint.5000051. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
The effects of increased femoral anteversion (IFA) on gait pattern have a complex relationship with other orthopaedic and neurological abnormalities of cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to differentiate the effects of IFA from other factors in CP. The four groups in this study included:
PMID 24062222

Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: where are we now?

Heremans E1, Nieuwboer A, Vercruysse S.Author information 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. elke.heremans@faber.kuleuven.beAbstractFreezing of gait (FOG) is defined as a brief, episodic absence or marked reduction of forward progression of the feet despite the intention to walk. It is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as it may lead to falls and a loss of independence. The pathophysiology of FOG seems to differ from the cardinal features of PD and is still largely unknown. In the present paper, we review the studies that were performed since 2011 on methods to provoke and assess FOG and discuss new insights into behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying this clinical phenomenon. We conclude that most of the work reviewed confirms that gait pattern generation disturbances are central to FOG. The finding that FOG reflects a combined motor and cognitive de-automatization deficit, which may not be sufficiently offset by executive control, probably acts as parallel mechanism.
Current neurology and neuroscience reports.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Jun;13(6):350. doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0350-7.
Freezing of gait (FOG) is defined as a brief, episodic absence or marked reduction of forward progression of the feet despite the intention to walk. It is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as it may lead to falls and a loss of independence. The pat
PMID 23625316

Gait Modulation in C. elegans: An Integrated Neuromechanical Model.

Boyle JH1, Berri S, Cohen N.Author information 1School of Computing, University of Leeds Leeds, UK.AbstractEquipped with its 302-cell nervous system, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans adapts its locomotion in different environments, exhibiting so-called swimming in liquids and crawling on dense gels. Recent experiments have demonstrated that the worm displays the full range of intermediate behaviors when placed in intermediate environments. The continuous nature of this transition strongly suggests that these behaviors all stem from modulation of a single underlying mechanism. We present a model of C. elegans forward locomotion that includes a neuromuscular control system that relies on a sensory feedback mechanism to generate undulations and is integrated with a physical model of the body and environment. We find that the model reproduces the entire swim-crawl transition, as well as locomotion in complex and heterogeneous environments. This is achieved with no modulatory mechanism, except via the proprioceptive response to the physical environment. Manipulations of the model are used to dissect the proposed pattern generation mechanism and its modulation. The model suggests a possible role for GABAergic D-class neurons in forward locomotion and makes a number of experimental predictions, in particular with respect to non-linearities in the model and to symmetry breaking between the neuromuscular systems on the ventral and dorsal sides of the body.
Frontiers in computational neuroscience.Front Comput Neurosci.2012 Mar 7;6:10. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00010. eCollection 2012.
Equipped with its 302-cell nervous system, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans adapts its locomotion in different environments, exhibiting so-called swimming in liquids and crawling on dense gels. Recent experiments have demonstrated that the worm displays the full range of intermediate behaviors wh
PMID 22408616

Japanese Journal

筋骨格系における身体の成長と歩容の変化

成瀬継太郎
精密工学会学術講演会講演論文集 2009A(0), 999-1000, 2009
一般に幼年期の歩容は，青年期のそれに比べて，左右遥動が大きく非効率的な歩行である．しかし，肉体的成長にしたがって歩容も変化していく．本論文では，この歩容の成長の特徴を解析し，歩行ロボットの歩容生成への応用を行う．
NAID 130004659466

パラメータ励振に基づく伸縮脚ロボットの動的歩行制御

浅野文彦,羅志偉
日本ロボット学会誌 23(7), 910-918, 2005
… It is clarified throughout studies of passive dynamic walking mechanisms that the common necessary condition for dynamic gait generation comes from the requirement on mechanical energy restoration. … Until now we have treated only rotational joints of the robot, whereas in this paper we considers a novel dynamic gait generation method based on mechanical energy restoration by parametric excitation phenomenon using telescopic leg actuation. …
NAID 130000848548

1-112 省自由度四脚ロボットの脚動作パターンの進化的獲得

飯田賢一,平俊男,鎌野琢也,鈴木茂行
インテリジェントシステム・シンポジウム講演論文集 12, 45-50, 2002-11-14
… In this paper, an application of genetic algorithm for generation of evolutionary gait patterns of a quadrupedal robot which reduced degrees of freedom is described. … To reduce degree of freedom, each leg of the robot has a slider-crank mechanism and is driven by an actuator. … As a result of generation, the cooperation of the legs are realized to move toward the all direction. …
NAID 110002496489