関: case-control study

WordNet

look over, usually with the intention to rob; "They men cased the housed"
the quantity contained in a case (同)caseful
a specific state of mind that is temporary; "a case of the jitters"
(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers; "for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters" (同)compositor''s case, typesetter''s case
a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home (同)display case, showcase, vitrine
bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow; "the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase" (同)pillowcase, slip, pillow slip
a portable container for carrying several objects; "the musicians left their instrument cases backstage"
nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence (同)grammatical case
an occurrence of something; "it was a case of bad judgment"; "another instance occurred yesterday"; "but there is always the famous example of the Smiths" (同)instance, example
a person requiring professional services; "a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor"
a problem requiring investigation; "Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir"
a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly"
the actual state of things; "that was not the case"
verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account"
a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" (同)controller
(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable"
a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
power to direct or determine; "under control"
the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"
exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" (同)command
lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" (同)hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" (同)verify
be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study"
applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design" (同)work
a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performers technique; "a study in spiccato bowing"
a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study"
someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study"
give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving" (同)consider
learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now" (同)hit the books
think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study" (同)meditate, contemplate
inhabit a nest, usually after building; "birds are nesting outside my window every Spring"
a kind of gun emplacement; "a machine-gun nest"; "a nest of snipers"
furniture pieces made to fit close together
a cosy or secluded retreat
a gang of people (criminals or spies or terrorists) assembled in one locality; "a nest of thieves"
a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young
fit together or fit inside; "nested bowls"
gather nests
provide with or construct with studs; "stud the wall"
ornament consisting of a circular rounded protuberance (as on a vault or shield or belt) (同)rivet
poker in which each player receives hole cards and the remainder are dealt face up; bets are placed after each card is dealt (同)stud poker
adult male horse kept for breeding (同)studhorse
a man who is virile and sexually active (同)he-man, macho-man

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の)『実例』,事例《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the case》『実情』,真相 / 〈C〉〈U〉『場合』,情況,事情,立場 / 〈C〉(…の)(決定すべき)問題,重大事《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『訴訟』[『事件』],裁判 / 〈C〉(正当な)論拠,弁護;(被告または原告の)主張,申し立て / 〈C〉病状,容態;(症状から見た)患者 / 〈C〉〈U〉格(名詞・代名詞の語形変化)
(運搬・保管用のいろいろな)『箱』,ケース / (各種の)『容器』,筒,さや,袋,おおい / (標本・陳列用の)ガラス箱,戸だな / (戸・窓などの)わく / 活字箱 / …'を'箱(袋,さやなど)に入れる《+『名』+『up,』+『名』+『up』》
〈U〉(…に対する)『統制』,抑制,制御《+『over』(『of』+『名』) / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…を)統整する手段,統御法《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)『抑制する力』,(…の)統整力,支配力《+『over』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》(機械の)操縦装置 / 〈C〉(実験結果の)照査基準 / …'を'『支配する』,統御する,管理する,監督する / 〈感情など〉'を'『抑制する』,抑える / …'を'照らし合わせて調べる,照査する
〈U〉(一般に)『勉強』,学習すること / 〈C〉(…の)勉強,研究《+of+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『綿密な調査』,検討《+of+名》 / 〈C〉研究対象(問題,事項);学科 / 〈C〉『書斎』,勉強部屋 / 〈C〉(美術・文学などの)習作,試作,スケッチ,(音楽の)練習曲,エチュード / …‘を'『勉強する』,学ぶ,研究する / …‘を'『よく注意して見る』,しげしげと見る / …‘を'『調査する』,検討する / …‘を'考慮する,配慮する / 〈せりふなど〉‘を'覚えようとする / 『勉強する』,学ぶ,研究する
(鳥・昆虫・魚類・小動物などの)『巣』,巣穴 / 《集合的に》巣の中の鳥(動物など),(昆虫などの)群れ / 居ごこちよい場所,落ちつける場所 / (犯罪などの)温床;(悪党などの)巣窟(そうくつ) / (入れ子式・重箱式などになった物の)一組,一そろい《+『of』+『名』》 / 巣を作る,巣ごもる / …‘を'巣に入れる / (巣に入れるように)…‘を'すっぽり収める / …‘を'入れ子式にする,重ね合わせる
《おもに米》種馬 / 《集合的に》(一群の)繁殖用動物(種馬,種牛など)
(インテリアなどに用いる)飾りびょう / カフスボタン,カラーボタン / (建物の)間柱 / (…を)…‘に'ちりばめる《+名+with+名》 / …‘に'点在(散在)している / …‘に'間柱をつける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/06 00:25:24」(JST)

wiki en

A nested case control (NCC) study is a variation of a case-control study in which only a subset of controls from the cohort are compared to the incident cases. In a case-control study, all incident cases in the cohort are compared to a random subset of participants who do not develop the disease of interest. In contrast, in a nested-case-control study, some number of controls are selected for each case from that case's matched risk set. By matching on factors such as age and selecting controls from relevant risk sets, the nested case control model is generally more efficient than a case-cohort design with the same number of selected controls.

Usually, the exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls. Thus the nested case control study is less efficient than the full cohort design. The nested case control study can be analyzed using methods for missing covariates.^[1]

The NCC design is often used when the exposure of interest is difficult or expensive to obtain and when the outcome is rare. By utilizing data previously collected from a large cohort study, the time and cost of beginning a new case-control study is avoided. By only measuring the covariate in as many participants as necessary, the cost and effort of exposure assessment is reduced. This benefit is pronounced when the covariate of interest is biological, since assessments such as gene expression profiling are expensive, and because the quantity of blood available for such analysis is often limited, making it a valuable resource that should not be used unnecessarily.

Example

As an example, of the 91,523 women in the Nurses' Health Study who did not have cancer at baseline and who were followed for 14 years, 2,341 women had developed breast cancer by 1993. Several studies have used standard cohort analyses to study precursors to breast cancer, e.g. use of hormonal contraceptives,^[2] which is a covariate easily measured on all of the women in the cohort. However, note that in comparison to the cases, there are so many controls that each particular control contributes relatively little information to the analysis.

If, on the other hand, one is interested in the association between gene expression and breast cancer incidence, it would be very expensive and possibly wasteful of precious blood specimen to assay all 89,000 women without breast cancer. In this situation, one may choose to assay all of the cases, and also, for each case, select a certain number of women to assay from the risk set of participants who have not yet failed (i.e. those who have not developed breast cancer before the particular case in question has developed breast cancer). The risk set is often restricted to those participants who are matched to the case on variables such as age, which reduces the variability of effect estimates.

Efficiency of the NCC model

Commonly 1-4 controls are selected for each case. Since the covariate is not measured for all participants, the nested case control model is both less expensive and less efficient than a full-cohort analysis. However, it has been shown that with 4 controls per case and/or stratified sampling of controls, relatively little efficiency may be lost, depending on the method of estimation used ^[1]^[3]

Analysis of nested case-control studies

The analysis of a nested case control model must take into account the way in which controls are sampled from the cohort. Failing to do so, such as by treating the cases and selected controls as the original cohort and performing a logistic regression, which is common, can result in biased estimates whose null distribution is different from what is assumed. Ways to account for the random sampling include conditional logistic regression ^[4] and using inverse probability weighting to adjust for missing covariates among those who are not selected into the study.^[1]

Case-cohort study

A case-control study is a design in which cases and controls are drawn from within a prospective study. All cases who developed the outcome of interest during the follow-up are selected and compared with a subgroup of the non-cases. Exposure is defined prior to disease development based on data collected at baseline or on assays conducted in biological samples collected at baseline.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Cai, Tianxi and Zheng, Yingye. 2011. Evaluating prognostic accuracy of biomarkers in nested case–control studies. Biostatistics, In Press.
^ Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ; et al. (1997). "A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses' Health Study, United States).". Cancer Causes Control 8 (1): 65–72. PMID 9051324.
^ Goldstein, Larry and Zhang, Haimeng. 2009. Efficiency of the maximum partial likelihood estimator for nested case control sampling. Bernoulli, Volume 15, Number 2, 569-597.
^ Borgan, O., Goldstein, L., and Langholz, B. 1995. Methods for the Analysis of Sampled Cohort Data in the Cox Proportional Hazards Model. Annals of Statistics, Volume 23, Number 5, 1749-1778.

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English Journal

Suicide news reporting accuracy and stereotyping in Hong Kong.

Cheng Q, Yip PS.SourceDepartment of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2012 Dec 10;141(2-3):270-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.036. Epub 2012 May 17.
BACKGROUND: The mass media are often criticized for oversimplifying the causes of suicide and overlooking some of the risk factors. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this assertion. The study aims to examine the accuracy of news reports in Hong Kong (HK) and in particular whe
PMID 22608053

Model-Based Estimation of the Attributable Risk: A Loglinear Approach.

Cox C, Li X.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Computational statistics & data analysis.Comput Stat Data Anal.2012 Dec 1;56(12):4180-4189. Epub 2012 May 7.
This paper considers model-based methods for estimation of the adjusted attributable risk (AR) in both case-control and cohort studies. An earlier review discussed approaches for both types of studies, using the standard logistic regression model for case-control studies, and for cohort studies prop
PMID 23049150

Japanese Journal

Effect of Individual Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

, , ,
Journal of Epidemiology 25(4), 261-274, 2015
… P = 0.04 for linear trend), which was dominated by a single study. … Among studies with nested case-control study designs, a 0.2% increase in blood docosapentaenoic acid concentration was associated with a 3% reduced risk of PCa (relative risk 0.97; …
NAID 130005061997

Effect of Individual Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

, , ,
Journal of Epidemiology advpub(0), 2015
… P = 0.04 for linear trend), which was dominated by a single study. … Among studies with nested case-control study designs, a 0.2% increase in blood docosapentaenoic acid concentration was associated with a 3% reduced risk of PCa (relative risk 0.97; …
NAID 130004851921

Female Breast Cancer and Electrical Manufacturing : Results of a Nested Case-control Study

ODDONE Enrico,EDEFONTI Valeria,SCABURRI Alessandra [他]
Journal of Occupational Health 56(5), 369-378, 2014-09
NAID 40020217398

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コホート内症例対照研究」
関連記事	「study」「control」「case」「nest」「stud」

「コホート内症例対照研究」

　　[★]

英: nested case-control study
関: 症例対照法、コホート研究

追跡中のコホート内に発生した患者を症例とし、対照が症例と同じコホートから選択されるが、その選択が症例の発症後に行われる症例対照研究。対照群と症例群の生存時間のバランスがとれるなど、多くの交絡因子が除去される。(http://phi.med.gunma-u.ac.jp/epi-spc/term4.pdf)