melanocyte stimulating hormone

日

関

WordNet

1. the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
2. rousing or quickening activity or the senses; "a stimulating discussion"
3. a cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin under the control of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ホルモン
2. 刺激する;激励する,元気づける

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/05 10:47:57」(JST)

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pro-opiomelanocortin
Identifiers
Symbol	POMC
Entrez	5443
HUGO	9201
OMIM	176830
RefSeq	NM_000939
UniProt	P01189
Other data
Locus	Chr. 2 p23

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Clinical data
Legal status	?
Identifiers
CAS number	Y
ATC code	?
ChEMBL	CHEMBL214332 N
Chemical data
Formula	?
N (what is this?)  (verify)

The melanocyte-stimulating hormones (collectively referred to as MSH or intermedins) are a class of peptide hormones that are produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Synthetic analogs of these naturally occurring hormones have also been developed and researched.

Function

They stimulate the production and release of melanin (melanogenesis) by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.

In amphibians

In some animals (such as the claw-toed frog Xenopus laevis) production of MSH is increased when the animal is in a dark location. This causes pigment to be dispersed in pigment cells in the toad's skin, making it become darker, and harder for predators to spot. The pigment cells are called melanophores and therefore, in amphibians, the hormone is often called melanophore-stimulating hormone.

In humans

An increase in MSH will cause a darkening in humans too. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone increases in humans during pregnancy. This, along with increased estrogens, causes increased pigmentation in pregnant women. Cushing's syndrome due to excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may also result in hyperpigmentation, such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla. Most people with primary Addison's have darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipple, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), new scars become hyperpigmented, whereas older ones do not darken. This occurs because melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) share the same precursor molecule, Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

Different levels of MSH are not the major cause of racial variation in skin colour. However, in many red headed people, and other people who do not tan well, there are variations in their hormone receptors, causing them to not respond to MSH in the blood.

See melanocortin receptor for more information.

Structure of MSH

proopiomelanocortin derivatives
POMC
γ-MSH	ACTH		β-lipotropin
	α-MSH	CLIP	γ-lipotropin		β-endorphin
				β-MSH

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone belongs to a group called the melanocortins. This group includes ACTH, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH); these peptides are all cleavage products of a large precursor peptide called pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). α-MSH is the most important melanocortin for pigmentation.

The different melanocyte-stimulating hormones have the following amino acid sequences:

α-MSH:	Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val
β-MSH (human):	Ala-Glu-Lys-Lys-Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Asp
β-MSH (porcine):	Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro-Tyr-Lys-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Ser-Pro-Pro-Lys-Asp
γ-MSH:	Tyr-Val-Met-Gly-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Asp-Arg-Phe-Gly

Synthetic MSH

Synthetic analogs of α-MSH have been developed for human use. Two of the better known are afamelanotide (melanotan-1) in testing by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals in Australia and bremelanotide by Palatin Technologies, a New Jersey company.

• Afamelanotide (formerly CUV1647) is being investigated as a method of photoprotection in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria, polymorphous light eruption, actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma (a form of skin cancer).

• An additional analog called Melanotan II causes enhanced libido and erections in most male test subject and arousal with corresponding genital involvement in most female test subjects. Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) which stemmed from Melanotan II research is currently under development by a New Jersey company for its aphrodisiac effects. These effects are mediated by actions in the hypothalamus on neurons that express MC3R and MC4R receptors.

See also

• Melanocyte-inhibiting factor
• Excess MSH leads to Nelson's syndrome

References

Further reading

• Millington GW (May 2006). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 31 (3): 407–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x. PMID 16681590. 
• Millington GW (2007). "The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour". Nutr Metab (Lond) 4: 18. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-4-18. PMC 2018708. PMID 17764572. 

External links

• Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals
• Palatin Technologies

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 成人における副腎不全の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency in adults
• 2. ACTH、CRH、および他の視床下部／下垂体ペプチドの測定 measurement of acth crh and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides
• 3. 白斑を除く後天性色素脱失症 acquired hypopigmentation disorders other than vitiligo
• 4. 肝斑 melasma
• 5. 黒色腫（メラノーマ）の分子生物学 the molecular biology of melanoma

English Journal

• Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi extract and linoleic acid from Passiflora edulis synergistically decrease melanin synthesis in B16 cells and reconstituted epidermis.

• Jorge AT, Arroteia KF, Santos IA, Andres E, Medina SP, Ferrari CR, Lourenço CB, Biaggio RM, Moreira PL.SourceNatura Innovation and Product Technology Ltda, Cajamar, São Paulo, Brazil.
• International journal of cosmetic science.Int J Cosmet Sci.2012 Oct;34(5):435-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00736.x. Epub 2012 Jul 21.
• Several treatments for skin whitening are available today, but few of them are completely adequate, especially owing to the carcinogenic potential attributed to classical drugs like hydroquinone, arbutin and kojic acid. To provide an alternative and safer technology for whitening, we developed two b
• PMID 22738140

• Characterization of cell membrane parameters of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with varied susceptibility to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.

• Shireen T, Singh M, Dhawan B, Mukhopadhyay K.SourceSchool of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
• Peptides.Peptides.2012 Oct;37(2):334-9. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.025. Epub 2012 Jul 23.
• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a major human pathogen of hospital and community acquired infections, is becoming resistant to almost all commercially available antibiotics. This has prompted development of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic options. Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MS
• PMID 22835936

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of triacetyl-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in carp and goldfish

• 安田 明和,茂里 康
• 比較内分泌学 38(145), 90-93, 2012-05
• NAID 40019336812

• trans-Caffeic Acid Stearyl Ester from Paeonia suffruticosa Inhibits Melanin Synthesis by cAMP-Mediating Down-Regulation of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Stimulated Melanogenesis Signaling Pathway in B16 Cells

• Liang Chia-Hua,Chou Tzung-Han,Tseng Ya-Ping,Ding Hsiou-Yu
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(12), 2012
• … TCASE considerably inhibits melanin synthesis, and reduces intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, tyrosinase activity and L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine (DOPA) oxidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in B16 cells, and the inhibition efficiency of TCASE exceeds that of ascorbic acid and arbutin. …
• NAID 130002480511

Related Links

• melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | Britannica.com

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), also called intermedin or melanotropin, any of several peptides derived from a protein known as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and secreted primarily by the pituitary gland. In most vertebrates ...

• You & Your Hormones | Hormones | Melanocyte-stimulating ...

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone describes a group of hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and skin cells. It is important for protecting the skin from UV rays, development of pigmentation and control of appetite.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「メラニン」「メラノサイト」「メラニン細胞刺激ホルモン」
拡張検索	「melanocyte-stimulating hormone」「gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone」「α-melanocyte stimulating hormone」
関連記事	「stimulating」

「メラニン」

　　[★]

英

melanin

同

メラニン色素 melanin pigment

関

メラノサイト、メラノソーム

産生細胞

• メラノサイト＠有棘層～基底層

産生機序

• チロシナーゼ(補酵素：銅)の作用によってチロシンから生じるドパが酸化、脱炭酸を経て、産生される

産生の制御

促進

• 紫外線
• 妊娠：性ホルモンや副腎皮質ホルモンの異常がメラノサイトを活性化する(妊娠性肝斑)
• MSH(メラノサイト刺激ホルモン, melanocyte stimulating hormone)
• ACTH：下垂体腺腫やAddison病(副腎皮質を刺激するためにACTHが↑)

MRI

• T1強調画像で高信号を呈する。

「メラノサイト」

　　[★]

英

melanocyte

ラ

melanocytus

関

メラニン

• 外胚葉、神経堤由来
• 皮膚：基底層、毛母
• HE染色では細胞質が収縮し、ランゲルハンス細胞と共にclear cellと呼ばれる。
• 1000-1500個/mm²
• ゴルジ装置が発達
• メラノソームを有する
• 基底細胞や有棘細胞にメラノソームを与える

メラニン合成促進する要素

• 紫外線
• 妊娠
• メラノサイト刺激ホルモン MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone
• ATCHの増加 ←　下垂体腺腫、アジソン病等による

「メラニン細胞刺激ホルモン」

　　[★]

英

melanocyte-stimulating hormone melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH

同

メラノトロピン melanotropin

関

• 主にプロオピオメラノコルチン(POMC)が元となって生成される。

• 1. α-MSH：副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTH) = α-MSH + corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide(CLIP)
• 2. β-MSH：γリポトロピン(γ-LPH)(ヒト、ラット、マウスには存在しないらしい)
• 3. γ-MSH：POMCのN末端部分(MSH作用は弱いらしい)

「melanocyte-stimulating hormone」

　　[★]

同

MSH

同

MSH

同

メラニン細胞刺激ホルモン, MSH

「gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone」

　　[★]

• γメラニン細胞刺激ホルモン

関

gamma-MSH

「α-melanocyte stimulating hormone」

　　[★] α-メラノサイト刺激ホルモン

「stimulating」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 刺激的な

関

exciting、irritant