出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/06/03 21:40:40」(JST)
| Lysosomal storage disease | |
|---|---|
| Micrograph of Gaucher disease, with cells that have the characteristic crumpled tissue paper-like cytoplasm. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs; /ˌlaɪsəˈsoʊməl/) are a group of about 50 rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from defects in lysosomal function.[1] Lysosomes are sacs of enzymes within cells that digest large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling. This process requires several critical enzymes. If one of these enzymes is defective, because of a mutation, the large molecules accumulate within the cell, eventually killing it.[2]
Lysosomal storage disorders are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar-containing proteins), or so-called mucopolysaccharides. Individually, LSDs occur with incidences of less than 1:100,000; however, as a group, the incidence is about 1:5,000 – 1:10,000.[3][4] Most of these disorders are autosomal recessively inherited such as Niemann–Pick disease, type C, but a few are X-linked recessively inherited, such as Fabry disease and Hunter syndrome (MPS II).
The lysosome is commonly referred to as the cell's recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can use. Lysosomes break down this unwanted matter by enzymes, highly specialized proteins essential for survival. Lysosomal disorders are usually triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether. When this happens, substances accumulate in the cell. In other words, when the lysosome does not function normally, excess products destined for breakdown and recycling are stored in the cell.
Like other genetic disorders, individuals inherit lysosomal storage diseases from their parents. Although each disorder results from different gene mutations that translate into a deficiency in enzyme activity, they all share a common biochemical characteristic – all lysosomal disorders originate from an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome.
LSDs affect mostly children and they often die at a young age, many within a few months or years of birth.
The LSDs are generally classified by the nature of the primary stored material involved, and can be broadly broken into the following: (ICD-10 codes are provided where available)
Also, glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease) is a defect in lysosomal metabolism as well,[5] although it is otherwise classified into E74.0 in ICD-10. Cystinosis is an LSD characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine.
Alternatively to the protein targets, LSDs may be classified by the type of protein that is deficient and is causing buildup.
| Type of defect protein | Disease examples | Deficient protein |
|---|---|---|
| Lysosomal enzymes primarily | Tay–Sachs disease, I-cell disease,[6] Sphingolipidoses (e.g., Krabbe disease, gangliosidosis: Gaucher, Niemann–Pick disease and glycolipids: Metachromatic leukodystrophy) |
Various |
| Posttranslational modification of enzymes | Multiple sulfatase deficiency | Multiple sulfatases |
| Membrane transport proteins | Mucolipidosis type II and IIIA | N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase |
| Enzyme protecting proteins | Galactosialidosis | Cathepsin A |
| Soluble nonenzymatic proteins | GM2-AP deficiency, variant AB, Niemann–Pick disease, type C2 | GM2-AP, NPC2 |
| Transmembrane proteins | SAP deficiency | Sphingolipid activator proteins |
| Niemann–Pick disease, type C1 | NPC1 | |
| Salla disease | Sialin | |
| Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is:[7] | ||
These are LSDs:
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Mucolipidosis
Lipidoses
Oligosaccharide
Lysosomal transport diseases
Glycogen storage diseases
Other
Lysosomal disease
The symptoms of LSD vary depending on the particular disorder and other variables such as the age of onset, and can be mild to severe. They can include developmental delay, movement disorders, seizures, dementia, deafness, and/or blindness. Some people with LSD have enlarged livers or spleens, pulmonary and cardiac problems, and bones that grow abnormally.[9]
The majority of patients are initially screened by enzyme assay, which is the most efficient method to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. [9] In some families where the disease-causing mutations are known, and in certain genetic isolates, mutation analysis may be performed. In addition, after a diagnosis is made by biochemical means, mutation analysis may be performed for certain disorders.
No cures for lysosomal storage diseases are known, and treatment is mostly symptomatic, although bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) have been tried with some success.[10][11] ERT can minimize symptoms and prevent permanent damage to the body.[12] In addition, umbilical cord blood transplantation is being performed at specialized centers for a number of these diseases. In addition, substrate reduction therapy, a method used to decrease the production of storage material, is currently being evaluated for some of these diseases. Furthermore, chaperone therapy, a technique used to stabilize the defective enzymes produced by patients, is being examined for certain of these disorders. The experimental technique of gene therapy may offer cures in the future.[13]
Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, so it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease.[14][15] Ambroxol triggers the secretion of lysosomes from cells by inducing a pH-dependent calcium release from acidic calcium stores.[16] Hence, relieving the cell from accumulating degradation products is a proposed mechanism by which this drug may help.
Tay–Sachs disease was the first of these disorders to be described, in 1881, followed by Gaucher disease in 1882. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, de Duve and colleagues, using cell fractionation techniques, cytological studies, and biochemical analyses, identified and characterized the lysosome as a cellular organelle responsible for intracellular digestion and recycling of macromolecules. This was the scientific breakthrough that would lead to the understanding of the physiological basis of the LSDs. Pompe disease was the first disease to be identified as an LSD in 1963, with L. Hers reporting the cause as a deficiency of α-glucosidase. Hers also suggested that other diseases, such as the mucopolysaccharidosis, might be due to enzyme deficiencies.
| Classification | D
|
|---|
Lysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of lipid metabolism (Lipid storage disorders) (E75, 272.7–272.8) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sphingolipidoses (to ceramide) |
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| NCL |
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| Other |
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Lysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism (Mucopolysaccharidoses) (E76, 277.5) | |
|---|---|
| Catabolism |
|
Lysosomal storage diseases: Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism (Glycoproteinoses) (E77, 271.8) | |
|---|---|
| Anabolism |
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| Post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes |
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| Catabolism |
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| Other |
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| リンク元 | 「リソソーム病」 |
| 関連記事 | 「disease」「lysosomal」 |
| 分類 | 疾患 | 酵素欠損 | 主要蓄積代謝産物 |
| 糖原貯蔵病 | II型糖原病, ポンペ病 | グルコシダーゼ | グリコーゲン |
| スフィンゴリピド貯蔵病 | GM1ガングリオシドーシス | GM1ガングリオシドβ-ガラクトシダーゼ | GM1ガングリオシド |
| GM2ガングリオシドーシス, テイ-サックス病 | ヘキソサミニダーゼA | GM2ガングリオシド | |
| スルファチド | ゴーシェ病 | グルコセレブロシダーゼ | グルコセレブロシド |
| ニーマン・ピック病 | スフィンゴミエリナーゼ | スフィンゴミエリン | |
| ムコ多糖貯蔵病 | MPS I H | L-イズロニダーゼ | ヘパラン硫酸、デルマタン硫酸 |
| MPS II, ハンター症候群 | L-イズロノスルフェートスルファターゼ | ヘパラン硫酸、デルマタン硫酸 | |
| 糖タンパク貯蔵病 | 糖タンパク質のオリゴサッカライド |