n.

投資、包囲、外被

関: circumvent、circumvention、coat、crust、encirclement、encompass、envelope、envelopment、integumental、integumentary、invest、surround、tegument

WordNet

money that is invested with an expectation of profit (同)investment funds
the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank (同)investiture
outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism
the act of putting on robes or vestments
the commitment of something other than money (time, energy, or effort) to a project with the expectation of some worthwhile result; "this job calls for the investment of some hard thinking"; "he made an emotional investment in the work"
form a crust or form into a crust; "The bread crusted in the oven"
the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties (同)gall, impertinence, impudence, insolence, cheekiness, freshness
the outer layer of the Earth (同)Earth''s crust
a hard outer layer that covers something (同)incrustation, encrustation
a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves
the bag containing the gas in a balloon (同)gasbag
a flat (usually rectangular) container for a letter, thin package, etc.
any wrapper or covering
a natural covering (as by a fluid); "the spacecraft detected an envelope of gas around the comet"
the maximum operating capability of a system (especially an aircraft); "test pilots try to push the envelope"
put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface; "coat the cake with chocolate" (同)surface
cover or provide with a coat
growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal (同)pelage
an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors
form a coat over; "Dirt had coated her face" (同)cake
provide with power and authority; "They vested the council with special rights" (同)vest, enthrone
furnish with power or authority; of kings or emperors (同)clothe, adorn
make an investment; "Put money into bonds" (同)put, commit, place
extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle; "The forest surrounds my property" (同)environ, ring, skirt, border
a regulated investment company consisting of professional managers who issue redeemable securities representing a portfolio of many different securities; "you can invest in a unit investment trust for as little as $1000" (同)unit_trust
a financial institution that sells shares to individuals and invests in securities issued by other companies (同)investment trust, investment firm, fund
someone who advises others how to invest their money (同)investment advisor
a banker who deals chiefly in underwriting new securities (同)underwriter

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(…を…へ)投資すること,出資《+『of』+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…への)投下資本,投資金《+『in』+『名』》 / 〈C〉投資の対象
〈C〉〈U〉『パンの皮』,パイの皮;〈C〉堅くなった一切れのパン / 〈C〉〈U〉(物の)堅い表面;(動物の)甲殻(かく);地殻;堅くなった雪面 / 外皮におおわれる《+『over』》
『封筒』 / 包むもの
おおい,外被(integument)
『コート』,オーバー,外とう / (男子背広・婦人スーツの)『上着』;(婦人・子供の)長上着 / (動物の)毛,毛皮;(植物の)外被,皮 / 表面をおおうもの;(ペンキ・ニスなどの)塗り;(金属などの)めっき / 〈人〉‘に'上旦を旦せる / 〈ほこりなどが〉〈症など〉'を'『おおう』;(ペンキなどで)〈壁など〉'を'塗る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(…に)〈金など〉‘を'『投資する』《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / (…に)〈時間・努力など〉‘を'つぎ込む《+『名』+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 《しばしば受動態で》(権力などを)〈人〉‘に'付与する《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘を'就任させる / (性質・特質などを)〈人・物〉‘に'帯びさせる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》;(人・物に)〈性質・特質など〉‘を'付与する《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 《文》〈軍隊が〉…‘を'包囲する / (…に)投資する,(…を)買う《+『in』+『名』》
(…で)…‘を'取り囲む;取り巻く(surround)《+『名』+『with』(『by』)+『名』》 / …‘を'包み込む,包含する(include)
…‘を'『囲む』,取り巻く / (…で)…‘に'『囲いをする』《+名+with+名》 / (窓回りなどの)装飾的な枠取り;(じゅうたんと壁との間の)ほり敷物 / (ある区域・範囲を)取り囲む物
…'を'裏をかく,'を'出しぬく / …‘の'周囲を回って行く,'を'迂回する;…'を'回避する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/03 23:46:43」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Investment (disambiguation).

"Invest" redirects here. For the term in meteorology, see Invest (meteorology).

Investment has different meanings in finance and economics. Finance investment is putting money into something with the expectation of gain, that upon thorough analysis, has a high degree of security for the principal amount, as well as security of return, within an expected period of time.^[1] In contrast putting money into something with an expectation of gain without thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is gambling. Putting money into something with an expectation of gain with thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is speculation. As such, those shareholders who fail to thoroughly analyze their stock purchases, such as owners of mutual funds, could well be called gamblers. Indeed, given the efficient market hypothesis, which implies that a thorough analysis of stock data is irrational, most rational shareholders are, by definition, not investors, but speculators.

Investment is related to saving or deferring consumption. Investment is involved in many areas of the economy, such as business management and finance whether for households, firms, or governments.

To avoid speculation an investment must be either directly backed by the pledge of sufficient collateral or insured by sufficient assets pledged by a third party.^{[original research?]} A thoroughly analyzed loan of money backed by collateral with greater immediate value than the loan amount may be considered an investment. A financial instrument that is insured by the pledge of assets from a third party, such as a deposit in a financial institution insured by a government agency may be considered an investment. Examples of these agencies include, in the United States, the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or National Credit Union Administration, or in Canada, the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation.

In economics or macroeconomics

In economic theory or in macroeconomics, investment is the amount purchased per unit time of goods which are not consumed but are to be used for future production (ie. capital). Examples include railroad or factory construction. Investment in human capital includes costs of additional schooling or on-the-job training. Inventory investment is the accumulation of goods inventories; it can be positive or negative, and it can be intended or unintended. In measures of national income and output, "gross investment" (represented by the variable I) is also a component of gross domestic product (GDP), given in the formula GDP = C + I + G + NX, where C is consumption, G is government spending, and NX is net exports. Thus investment is everything that remains of total expenditure after consumption, government spending, and net exports are subtracted (i.e. I = GDP − C − G − NX).

Non-residential fixed investment (such as new factories) and residential investment (new houses) combine with inventory investment to make up I. "Net investment" deducts depreciation from gross investment. Net fixed investment is the value of the net increase in the capital stock per year.

Fixed investment, as expenditure over a period of time ("per year"), is not capital. The time dimension of investment makes it a flow. By contrast, capital is a stock— that is, accumulated net investment to a point in time (such as December 31).

Investment is often modeled as a function of Income and Interest rates, given by the relation I = f(Y, r). An increase in income encourages higher investment, whereas a higher interest rate may discourage investment as it becomes more costly to borrow money. Even if a firm chooses to use its own funds in an investment, the interest rate represents an opportunity cost of investing those funds rather than lending out that amount of money for interest.^[2]

In finance

In finance, investment is the commitment of funds through collateralized lending, or making a deposit into a secured institution.

In contrast to investment; dollar cost averaging, market timing, and diversification are phrases associated with speculation.

Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as banks, credit unions, brokers, lenders, and insurance companies. Though their legal and procedural details differ, an intermediary generally makes an investment using money from many individuals, each of whom receives a claim on the intermediary.

History

The Code of Hammurabi 1700 B.C. provided a legal framework for investment establishing a means for the pledge of collateral by codifying debtor and creditor rights in regard to pledged land. Punishments for breaking financial obligations were not as severe as those for crimes involving injury or death.

In the early 1900s purchasers of stocks, bonds, and other securities were described in media, academia, and commerce as speculators. By the 1950s the term investment had been co-opted by financial brokers and their advertising agencies to promote speculation. By the late 1900s the terms speculation and speculator were somewhat down played by the media, likely due to turmoil in the capital markets ever since the tech boom bubble pop, and the historical fascination with blaming wall street speculators for all the ills of the world, had mysteriously returned to the newspapers. The public is instead fed the word investor or investment instead of speculator or speculation, even though the bulk of the activities are not investment grade.

Linguistic significance

Common usage of investment to describe speculation has reduced investor capacity to discern investment from speculation, reduced investor awareness of risk associated with speculation, increased capital available to speculation, and decreased capital available to investment.

Real estate as the instrument of investment

In real estate, investment money is used to purchase property for the purpose of holding, reselling or leasing for income and there is an element of capital risk.

Residential real estate

Investment in residential real estate is the most common form of real estate investment measured by number of participants because it includes property purchased as a primary residence. In many cases the buyer does not have the full purchase price for a property and must engage a lender such as a bank, finance company or private lender. Different countries have their individual normal lending levels, but usually they will fall into the range of 70–90% of the purchase price. Against other types of real estate, residential real estate is the least risky.^{[citation needed]}

Commercial real estate

Commercial real estate consists of multifamily apartments, office buildings, retail space, hotels and motels, warehouses, and other commercial properties. Due to the higher risk of commercial real estate, loan-to-value ratios allowed by banks and other lenders are lower and often fall in the range of 50–70%.^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ Graham, Benjamin and David Dodd (1951). Security Analysis. McGraw–Hill Book Company. ISBN 007144829.
^ Kevin A. Hassett (2008, 2nd ed.). "Investment," The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty.

External links

Investing at the Open Directory Project

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「encompass」「外被」「circumvent」「coat」「circumvention」
拡張検索	「dental casting investment」

「encompass」

　　[★]

en(～の中に入れる)+compass(包囲)

vt.

(攻撃などで)～を(すっかり)取り巻く(surround)。(be ed)(人・物が)(～で)取り囲まれる(with, by)
～を包含する(include)

Acute coronary syndrome refers to any constellation of clinical symptoms that encompasses acute myocardial infarction as well as unstalble angina(UA).