近交系、純系

関: clone、inbred、inbred strain、pure line

WordNet

make multiple identical copies of; "people can clone a sheep nowadays"
a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction (同)clon
mark with lines; "sorrow had lined his face"
a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point
a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
reinforce with fabric; "lined books are more enduring"
a particular kind of product or merchandise; "a nice line of shoes" (同)product line, line of products, line of merchandise, business line, line of business
the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed (同)railway line, rail line
a commercial organization serving as a common carrier
acting in conformity; "in line with"; "he got out of line"; "toe the line"
something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible; "a washing line"
a conceptual separation or distinction; "there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity" (同)dividing_line, demarcation, contrast
a formation of people or things one behind another; "the line stretched clear around the corner"; "you must wait in a long line at the checkout counter"
a formation of people or things one beside another; "the line of soldiers advanced with their bayonets fixed"; "they were arrayed in line of battle"; "the cast stood in line for the curtain call"
a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops); "they attacked the enemys line"
a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart"
a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent
in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress; "`let me show you my etchings is a rather worn line"; "he has a smooth line but I didnt fall for it"; "that salesman must have practiced his fast line of talk"
text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen; "the letter consisted of three short lines"; "there are six lines in every stanza"
be in line with; form a line along; "trees line the riverbank" (同)run along
cover the interior of; "line the gloves"; "line a chimney"
fill plentifully; "line ones pockets"
providing something with a surface of a different material (同)facing
a protective covering that protects an inside surface (同)liner
the act of attaching an inside lining (to a garment or curtain etc.)
having a lining or a liner; often used in combination; "a lined skirt"; "a silk-lined jacket"
(used especially of skin) marked by lines or seams; "their lined faces were immeasurably sad"; "a seamed face" (同)seamed
bordered by a line of things; "tree lined streets"
produced by inbreeding

PrepTutorEJDIC

クロン(一個体から無性生殖で増殖した有機体群);(植物の)栄養系,(動物の)分技系
『線』,筋,けい / (色・縫い目などの)『線』,しま;(顔・手などの)しわ(wrinkle) / (物・人の)『列』,行列(row) / 『綱』,糸,針金 / 電線,電話線,電信線 / (文章の)『行』;(詩の)『行』 / 《しばしばa~》《話》『短い手紙』(note) / 《複数形で》輪郭,外形(outline) / 境界線(boundary);限界,限度(limit) / (鉄道・バスなどの)路線;航路,空路 / 《複数形で》せりふ / 進路,道順(course);(考えなどの)筋道,方針 / 《しばしばone's~》(活動の)分野,方面;特意 / 家系,血統,血筋 / 在庫商品,仕入れ品 / 導管,パイプライン / 《しばしば複数形で》戦線,防御線 / …‘に'『線を引く』,筋(しま,しわ)をつける / …‘に'『沿って並ぶ;』(…を)…‘に'沿って並べる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
(材料で)〈着物など〉‘に'裏を付ける《+『名』『with』+『名』》 / (…で)…‘を'満たす,(…を)…‘に'詰め込む《+『名』+『with』+『名』》
〈U〉(服などの)裏張り,裏塗り / 〈U〉裏地,裏材
生まれつきの(inborn) / 近親交配による

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/29 18:00:05」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. However, for some experiments, genetic diversity in the test population may be desired. Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available.

Certain plants including the genetic model organism Arabidopsis thaliana naturally self pollinates, which makes it quite easy to create inbred strains in the laboratory (other plants, including important genetic models such as Maize require transfer of pollen from one flower to another). For most animals, the usual procedure is mating of brother-sister pairs for a minimum of 20 generations, which will result in lines that are roughly 99% genetically identical.^[1]^[2] Many inbred strains have been inbred for many more generations and are in effect isogenic.^[3]

Effects

Inbreeding animals will sometimes lead to unwanted genetic drift. The continuous overlaying of like genetics exposes recessive gene patterns that often lead to changes in reproduction performance, fitness, and ability to survive. A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. A hybrid between two inbred strains can be used to cancel out deleterious recessive genes resulting in an increase in the mentioned areas. This is known as heterosis.^[4]

The best-known strains of laboratory animals are:

Rats and mice

"The period before World War I led to the initiation of inbreeding in rats by Dr Helen King in about 1909 and in mice by Dr C. C. Little in 1909. The latter project led to the development of the DBA strain of mice, now widely distributed as the two major sub-strains DBA/1 and DBA/2, which were separated in 1929-1930. DBA mice were nearly lost in 1918, when the main stocks were wiped out by murine paratyphoid, and only three un-pedigreed mice remained alive. Soon after World War I, inbreeding in mice was started on a much larger scale by Dr L. C. Strong, leading in particular to the development of strains C3H and CBA, and by Dr C. C. Little, leading to the C57 family of strains (C57BL, C57BR and C57L). Many of the most popular strains of mice were developed during the next decade, and some are closely related. Evidence from the uniformity of mitochondrian DNA suggests that most of the common inbred mouse strains were probably derived from a single breeding female about 150-200 years ago."

"Many of the most widely used inbred strains of rats were also developed during this period, several of them by Curtis and Dunning at the Columbia University Institute for Cancer Research. Strains dating back to this time include F344, M520 and Z61 and later ACI, ACH, A7322 and COP. Tryon's classic work on selection for maze-bright and dull rats led to the development of the TMB and TMD inbred strains, and later to the common use of inbred rats by experimental psychologists."^[5]

Inbred strains of rats

Wistar as a generic name for inbred strains such as Wistar-Kyoto, developed from the Wistar outbred strains.

Inbred strains of mice

A/J
C3H
C57BL/6
CBA
DBA/2
BALB/c

Guinea pigs

G.M. Rommel first started conducting inbreeding experiments on guinea-pigs in 1906. Strain 2 and 13 guinea-pigs, were derived from these experiments and are still in use today. Sewall Wright took over the experiment in 1915. He was faced with the task of analyzing all of the accumulated data produced by Rommel. Wright became seriously interested in constructing a general mathematical theory of inbreeding. By 1920 Wright had developed his method of path coefficients, which he then used to develop his mathematical theory of inbreeding. Wright introduced the inbreeding coefficient F as the correlation between uniting gametes in 1922, and most of the subsequent theory of inbreeding has been developed from his work. The definition of the inbreeding coefficient now most widely used is mathematically equivalent to that of Wright.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Mary F. Lyon (1981). "Rules for Nomenclature of Inbred Strains". In Green, Margaret C. Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 368. ISBN 0-89574-152-0.
^ Thomas H. Roderick; Gunther Schlager (1966). "Multiple Factor Inheritance". In Green, Earl L. Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 156. LCCN 65-27978.
^ Michael Festing. "Isogenic". Retrieved 2013-12-19.
^ Michael Festing. "Inbreeding & it's effects". Retrieved 2013-12-19.
^ Michael Festing. "History of inbred strains". Retrieved 2013-12-19.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

The severity of retinal pathology in homozygous Crb1rd8/rd8 mice is dependent on additional genetic factors.

Luhmann UF1, Carvalho LS2, Holthaus SM3, Cowing JA2, Greenaway S4, Chu CJ2, Herrmann P2, Smith AJ2, Munro PM4, Potter P5, Bainbridge JW6, Ali RR6.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2015 Jan 1;24(1):128-41. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu424. Epub 2014 Aug 21.
Understanding phenotype-genotype correlations in retinal degeneration is a major challenge. Mutations in CRB1 lead to a spectrum of autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies with variable phenotypes suggesting the influence of modifying factors. To establish the contribution of the genetic background
PMID 25147295

Sustained heterozygosity across a self-incompatibility locus in an inbred ascidian.

Satou Y1, Hirayama K2, Mita K3, Fujie M4, Chiba S2, Yoshida R2, Endo T5, Sasakura Y3, Inaba K3, Satoh N6.
Molecular biology and evolution.Mol Biol Evol.2015 Jan;32(1):81-90. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu268. Epub 2014 Sep 18.
Because self-incompatibility loci are maintained heterozygous and recombination within self-incompatibility loci would be disadvantageous, self-incompatibility loci are thought to contribute to structural and functional differentiation of chromosomes. Although the hermaphrodite chordate, Ciona intes
PMID 25234703

Mapping of a new wrinkled leaf (wr3) gene in upland cotton.

Li F1, Di J2, Zhao L2, Chen X2.
Yi chuan = Hereditas / Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji.Yi Chuan.2014 Dec 20;36(12):1256-60. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2014.1256.
<p>The phenotype of a wrinkled leaf mutant in upland cotton newly found was different from other analogous mutants reported previously. Genetic analysis indicates that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene wr3. In this paper, an F2 mapping population derived from the mutation i
PMID 25487271

Japanese Journal

トウモロコシのフリント種自殖系統「Ho90」の育成とその特性

濃沼圭一,佐藤尚,三木一嘉
北海道農業研究センター研究報告 = Research bulletin of the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region -(196), 17-29, 2012-03
NAID 40019277095

Studies on Evaluation of the Regrowth in Sorghum : Evaluation of the regrowth ability in recombinant inbred lines derived from Sorghum×Sudangrass

中津川実里,春日重光,上條佳郎
北陸作物学会報 (47), 103-105, 2012
NAID 40019337272

ソルガム類の再生性評価に関する研究 : セルトレイを用いた再生性の評価

西岡杏子,春日重光,上條佳郎
北陸作物学会報 (47), 100-102, 2012
NAID 40019337246

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「純系」「近交系」「inbred strain」「pure line」
関連記事	「LINE」「line」「inbred」「lining」

「純系」

　　[★]

英: clone、inbred strain、inbred line、pure line、inbred
関: 近交系、クローニング、クローン、クローン化、同系交配、同系繁殖、栄養系、純株

「近交系」

　　[★]

英: inbred line、inbred strain、inbred
同: 近交動物
関: 純系、同系交配、同系繁殖

「inbred strain」

　　[★]

近交系、純系

関: clone、inbred、inbred line、pure line

「pure line」

　　[★]

純系

関: clone、inbred、inbred line、inbred strain

「LINE」

　　[★]

日: 長い散在反復配列、長散在型反復配列、長い散在性反復配列、ライン、広範囲散在反復配列
英: long interspersed nuclear element, long interspersed nucleotide element, long interspersed element, long interspersed repetitive elements, LINEs, long interspersed repeat sequences
関: レトロトランスポゾン

quoted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_interspersed_nucleotide_elements#LINEs

Long interspersed nuclear elements[8] are a group of genetic elements that are found in large numbers in eukaryotic genomes. They are transcribed (or are the evolutionary remains of what was once transcribed) to an RNA using an RNA polymerase II promoter that resides inside the LINE. LINEs code for the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and many LINEs also code for an endonuclease (e.g. RNase H). The reverse transcriptase has a higher specificity for the LINE RNA than other RNA, and makes a DNA copy of the RNA that can be integrated into the genome at a new site.

The 5' UTR contains the promoter sequence, while the 3' UTR contains a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) and a poly-A tail.[10] Because LINEs move by copying themselves (instead of moving, like transposons do), they enlarge the genome. The human genome, for example, contains about 20,000-40,000 LINEs, which is roughly 21% of the genome.