出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/02/06 19:08:18」(JST)
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | |
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Classification and external resources | |
Extensive lung fibrosis from usual interstitial pneumonitis |
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ICD-10 | J84.1 |
ICD-9 | 516.3 |
OMIM | 178500 |
DiseasesDB | 4815 |
MedlinePlus | 000069 |
eMedicine | radio/873 |
MeSH | D011658 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (or cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA)[1] or idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia) is a chronic, progressive form of lung disease characterized by fibrosis of the supporting framework (interstitium) of the lungs. By definition, the term is used only when the cause of the pulmonary fibrosis is unknown ("idiopathic").
Microscopically, lung tissue from patients shows a characteristic set of histologic/pathologic features known as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). UIP is therefore the pathologic counterpart of IPF.[2][3]
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In the UK IPF kills about 5,000 people every year[4] (more than leukemia or ovarian cancer).[5] Some well known cases of IPF:
Despite extensive investigation, the cause of IPF remains unknown. The condition involves abnormal and excessive deposition of collagen (fibrosis) in the pulmonary interstitium (mainly the walls of the alveoli) with minimal associated inflammation.[6] The fibrosis in IPF has been linked to cigarette smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune disorders, but none of these are present in all patients with IPF, and therefore do not provide a completely satisfactory explanation for the disease.
Genetic associations include SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.[7]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is one specific presentation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), which is in turn a type of interstitial lung disease.[8] Other forms of "idiopathic interstitial pneumonias" include non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). Examples of known causes of interstitial lung disease include hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, asbestosis and collagen vascular diseases such as scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis.
IPF affects both genders and is usually encountered in patients greater than 50 years of age. However there is a notable reported case of a young adult has been diagnosed with IPF.[9][10] There are many different statements about average survival time following first diagnosis. Symptoms are gradual in onset. The most common are progressive dyspnea (difficulty breathing), but also include dry cough, clubbing (a disfigurement of the fingers), and rales (a crackling sound in the lungs during inhalation, heard with a stethoscope).[8] It should be noted that these features are not specific for IPF and can occur in a wide variety of other pulmonary disorders.
The key issue facing clinicians is whether the presenting history, symptoms (or signs), radiology, and pulmonary function testing are collectively in keeping with the diagnosis of IPF (which carries the poor prognosis described below) or whether the findings are due to another process. It has long been recognized that patients with interstitial lung disease related to asbestos exposure, drugs (such as chemotherapeutic agents or nitrofurantoin), rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma/systemic sclerosis may be difficult to distinguish from IPF. Other differential diagnostic considerations include interstitial lung disease related to mixed connective tissue disease, advanced sarcoidosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and radiation-induced fibrosis.
Diagnosis requires clinical findings compatible with interstitial lung disease in combination with either characteristic radiologic findings or a pathologic diagnosis of UIP on surgical lung biopsy. Generally, lung biopsy is only undertaken when its risks are outweighed by the potential benefits of identifying an alternative, treatable disease process. Establishing the diagnosis of IPF without a lung biopsy has been shown to be reliable when expert clinicians and radiologists concur that the presenting features are typical of IPF.[11] Based on this evidence, the 2002 ATS/ERS Multidisciplinary Consensus Statement on the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias proposed the following criteria for establishing the diagnosis of IPF without a lung biopsy:[8]
Major criteria (all 4 required):
Minor criteria (3 of 4 required):
Plain chest x-rays reveal decreased lung volumes, typically with prominent reticular interstitial markings near the lung bases. Honeycombing, a pattern of lung fibrosis characterized by multiple cystic spaces located at the bases of the lungs, is frequently seen in advanced cases. In less severe cases, these changes may not be evident on a plain chest film.
High-resolution CT scans of the chest demonstrate fibrotic changes in both lungs, with a predilection for the bases and the periphery. The most characteristic radiologic feature of IPF is honeycombing, often described as traction bronchiectasis. There may be ground glass opacities of the lungs, but these changes are relatively minor in comparison with the fibrotic changes.[12]
Spirometry classically reveals a reduction in the vital capacity with either a proportionate reduction in airflows, or increased airflows for the observed vital capacity. The latter finding reflects the increased lung stiffness (reduced lung compliance) associated with pulmonary fibrosis, which leads to increased lung elastic recoil.[13]
Measurement of static lung volumes using body plethysmography or other techniques typically reveals reduced lung volumes (restriction). This reflects the difficulty encountered in inflating the fibrotic lungs.
The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is invariably reduced in IPF and may be the only abnormality in mild or early disease. Its impairment underlies the propensity of patients with IPF to exhibit oxygen desaturation with exercise.
Histologic specimens for the diagnosis of IPF must be large enough that the pathologist can comment on the underlying lung architecture. Small biopsies, such as those obtained via transbronchial lung biopsy (performed during bronchoscopy) are usually not sufficient for this purpose. Hence, larger biopsies obtained surgically via a thoracotomy or thoracoscopy are usually necessary.[8]
The histological appearance associated with IPF is referred to as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Although a pathologic diagnosis of UIP often corresponds to a clinical diagnosis of IPF, it can be seen in other diseases as well.[14] Key features of UIP include interstitial fibrosis in a "patchwork pattern", interstitial scarring, honeycomb changes and fibroblast foci. There is usually only a relatively mild or minor component of interstitial chronic inflammation.[8]
As of 2006, there was no consensus on treatment nor satisfactory treatment.[15]
A 2010 Cochrane analysis found that pirfenidone significantly improved progression-free survival.[16] In 2011, pirfenidone was approved for use in Europe under the brand name Esbriet.
There is a lack of large, randomized placebo-controlled trials of therapy for IPF. Moreover, many of the earlier studies were based on the hypothesis that IPF is an inflammatory disorder, and hence studied anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids. Another problem has been that studies conducted prior to the more recent classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias failed to distinguish IPF/UIP from NSIP in particular. Hence, many patients with arguably more steroid-responsive diseases were included in earlier studies, confounding the interpretation of their results.[6]
A large randomized, controlled trial (PANTHER-IPF) found that the combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine had a significantly higher death rate than placebo (8 vs. 1), and the trial was terminated.[17]
Other treatments studied have included interferon gamma-1b, the antifibrotic agent pirfenidone, and bosentan. Bosentan are currently being studied in patients with IPF while interferon gamma-1b is no longer considered a viable treatment option. Finally, the addition of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine to prednisone and azathioprine produced a slight benefit in terms of FVC and DLCO over 12 months of follow up. However, the major benefit appeared to be prevention of the myelotoxicity associated with azathioprine.[18]
Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) began a phase III trial for IPF in 2011, scheduled to be completed in late 2013[19]. An additional phase III trial for the treatment of IPF with Nintedanib was in progress in May 2011[citation needed].
As of 2011[update] another 40 or so trials for IPF were recruiting.[20] including a phase II trial of QAX576.[21]
Many patients end up on supplementary oxygen and some will need a lung transplant.[5]
Half of IPF sufferers in the UK die within three years of diagnosis.[5]
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リンク元 | 「特発性肺線維症」「蜂巣肺」 |
関連記事 | 「idiopathic」「pulmonary」 |
臨床診断名 | IPF | NSIP | BOOP/COP |
病理組織像 | UIP | OP | |
発症様式 | 慢性 | 慢性/亜急性 | 亜急性 |
BALF所見 | リンパ球± | CD8↑ | CD8↑ |
予後 | 不良 | 良好(時に不良) | 良好 |
分布 | 斑状,不均質, 胸膜下・小葉辺縁 | びまん性,均質 | 小葉中心性 |
時相 | 多様 | 均質 | 均質 |
間質への細胞浸潤 | 少ない | 通常多い | やや多い |
胞隔の炎症 | 軽度,斑状 | びまん性,多彩 | 軽度 |
線維芽細胞巣 | 多数 | まれ | なし |
肺胞内マクロファージ集積 | 巣状 | 巣状 | なし |
肺胞腔内線維化 | まれ | しばしば | 多数 |
顕微鏡的蜂巣肺(肺胞虚説) | 高頻度 | 通常なし(一部に認める) | なし |
硝子膜 | なし | なし | なし |
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