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a salt or ester of maleic acid; used as a nontricyclic antidepressant drug for psychomotor activation

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/01 15:27:03」(JST)

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Fluvoxamine (brand names: Faverin, Fevarin, Floxyfral, and Luvox) is a medication which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and σ₁ receptor agonist. Fluvoxamine is used primarily for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),^[3] and is also used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).^[4] Fluvoxamine CR (controlled release) is approved to treat social anxiety disorder.^[5]

The FDA has added a black box warning for this drug in reference to increased risks of suicidal thinking and behavior in young adults and children.

Medical uses

Fluvoxamine's only FDA approved indication is in the treatment of OCD,^[6] although in other countries (e.g. Australia^[7] and the UK^[8]) it has indications for MDD, as well. Fluvoxamine has been found to be useful in the treatment of MDD, and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD.^[9] The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least a year.^[10] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Some evidence shows fluvoxamine may be a helpful adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia, improving the depressive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disorder.^[14] Its actions at the sigma receptor may afford it a unique advantage among antidepressants in treating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.^[15]

Adverse effects

Gastrointestinal side effects are more common in those receiving fluvoxamine than with other SSRIs.^[16] Otherwise, fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs.^[2]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[17]^[18]

Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects

Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia (weight loss)
Agitation
Nervousness
Anxiety
Insomnia
Somnolence
Tremor
Headache
Dizziness
Palpitations
Tachycardia (high heart rate)
Abdominal pain
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Diarrhoea
Constipation
Dry mouth
Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating)
Asthenia (weakness)
Malaises
Sexual dysfunction (including delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, etc.)

Uncommon (0.1-1% incidence) adverse effects

Hallucination
Confusional state
Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
Orthostatic hypotension
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)
Arthralgia

Rare (0.01-0.1% incidence) adverse effects

Mania
Seizures
Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)

Unknown frequency adverse effects

Hyperprolactinaemia (elevated plasma prolactin levels leading to galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea [cessation of menstrual cycles], etc.)
Bone fractures
Glaucoma
Mydriasis
Urinary incontinence
Urinary retention
Bed-wetting
Serotonin syndrome — a potentially fatal condition characterised by abrupt onset muscle rigidity, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), rhabdomyolysis, mental status changes (e.g. coma, hallucinations, agitation), etc.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — practically identical presentation to serotonin syndrome except with a more prolonged onset
Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still
Paraesthesia
Dysgeusia
Haemorrhage
Withdrawal symptoms
Weight changes
Suicidal ideation and behaviour
Violence towards others ^[19]
Hyponatraemia
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

Interactions

Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

CYP1A2 (strongly) which metabolizes agomelatine, amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, clozapine, duloxetine, haloperidol, imipramine, phenacetin, tacrine, tamoxifen, theophylline, olanzapine, etc.
CYP3A4 (weakly) which metabolizes alprazolam, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, quetiapine, ziprasidone, etc.
CYP2D6 (weakly) which metabolizes aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, codeine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, olanzapine, oxycodone, paroxetine, perphenazine, pethidine, risperidone, sertraline, thioridazine, zuclopenthixol, etc.
CYP2C9 (moderately) which metabolizes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenytoin, sulfonylureas, etc.
CYP2C19 (strongly) which metabolizes clonazepam, diazepam, phenytoin, etc.
CYP2B6 (weakly) which metabolizes bupropion, cyclophosphamide, sertraline, tamoxifen, valproate, etc.

By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes.^[20]

Pharmacology

Fluvoxamine is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter.^[21] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other receptor, with the sole exception of the σ₁ receptor.^[28] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity of any SSRI for doing so.^[28] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression.^[15]

History

Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar,^[29] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland and Solvay in West Germany in 1983.^[29] It was approved by the FDA on 5 Dec, 1994 and introduced as Luvox in the US.^[30] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott.^[31] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression.^[32] It was the first SSRI, a nonTCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD.^[33] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine.^[34] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997.^[35] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999^[36] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder.^[37] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom.^[38]

References

^ "Luvox". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "PRODUCT INFORMATION LUVOX®". TGA eBusiness Services. Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
^ "FDA Advisory Committee Recommends Luvox (Fluvoxamine) Tablets for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder," PRNewswire, 10/18/93
^ Karen J. McClellan, David P. Figgitt (Drugs October 2000). "Fluvoxamine. An Updated Review of its Use in the Management of Adults with Anxiety Disorders". Adis Drug Evaluation 60 (4): 925–954. doi:10.2165/00003495-200060040-00006. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Stahl, S. Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: The Prescriber's Guide. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY. 2009. pp.215
^ ^a ^b "Fluvoxamine Maleate (fluvoxamine maleate) Tablet, Coated [Genpharm Inc.]". DailyMed. Genpharm Inc. October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit
^ ^a ^b Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8. edit
^ "US-FDA Fluvoxamine Product Insert". March 2005.
^ Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P (November 1993). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness". Drugs 46 (5): 895–924. doi:10.2165/00003495-199346050-00008. PMID 7507038.
^ Kwasucki, J; Stepień A; Maksymiuk G; Olbrych-Karpińska B (2002). "Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica—open trial". Wiadomości Lekarskie 55 (1-2): 42–50. PMID 12043315.
^ Schreiber, S; Pick CG (August 2006). "From selective to highly selective SSRIs: A comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram". European Neuropsychopharmacology 16 (6): 464–468. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.013. PMID 16413173.
^ Coquoz, D; Porchet HC; Dayer P (September 1993). "Central analgesic effects of desipramine, fluvoxamine, and moclobemide after single oral dosing: a study in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 54 (3): 339–344. doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.156. PMID 8375130.
^ Ritsner, MS (2013). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume I. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. ISBN 9789400758056. edit
^ ^a ^b Hindmarch, I; Hashimoto, K (April 2010). "Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 25 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1002/hup.1106. PMID 20373470.
^ Brayfield, A, ed. (13 August 2013). Fluoxetine Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press). Retrieved 24 November 2013.
^ Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8. edit
^ "Faverin 100 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Abbott Healthcare Products Limited. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
^ "Top Ten Legal Drugs Linked to Violence". Time Inc. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b Ciraulo, DA; Shader, RI (2011). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 49. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-435-7.
^ ^a ^b Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. edit
^ P., Baumann (1996). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics 31 (6): 444–469. doi:10.2165/00003088-199631060-00004. PMID 8968657.
^ Gill HS, DeVane CL; Gill, HS (1997). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regime design". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58 (Suppl 5): 7–14. PMID 9184622.
^ DeVane, CL (1998). "Translational pharmacokinetics: current issues with newer antidepressants". Depression and Anxiety 8 (Suppl 1): 64–70. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<64::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 9809216.
^ Bondy, Brigitta; Illja Spellmann (2007). "Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotics: Useful For the Clinician?". Curr Opin Psychiatry (Medscape: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 20 (1): 126–130. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f69f. PMID 17278909. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
^ Kroom, Lisa A. (10-01-2007). "Drug Interactions With Smoking". Am J Health-Syst Pharm. (Medscape: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) 64 (18): 1917–1921. doi:10.2146/ajhp060414. PMID 17823102. Retrieved 2008-01-31. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Waknine, Yael (April 13, 2007). "Prescribers Warned of Tizanidine Drug Interactions". Medscape News. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
^ ^a ^b "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 9 (3): 197–204. September 2009. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354.
^ ^a ^b Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew. 2008. p. 1699. ISBN 978-0815515265. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^ "Drugs.com―Fluvoxamine". Retrieved 18 October 2013.
^ "Brand Index―Fluvoxamine India". Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
^ Omori, IM; Watanabe N; Nakagawa A; Cipriani A; Barbui C; McGuire H; Churchill R; Furukawa TA (October 2013). "Fluvoxamine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006114.pub2. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ "OCD Medication". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^ Fluvoxamine Product Monograph. 1999.
^ "Luvox Approved For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Teens". http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2261a.htm.
^ Higuchi, T; Briley, M (February 2007). "Japanese experience with milnacipran, the first serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in Japan". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 3 (1): 41–58. doi:10.2147/nedt.2007.3.1.41. PMC 2654524. PMID 19300537.
^ "Solvay's Fluvoxamine maleate is first drug approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in Japan". http://www.solvaypress.com/pressreleases/0,,33713-2-83,00.htm.
^ Walker, R; Whittlesea, C, ed. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5. edit

External links

Fluvoxamine consumer information from Drugs.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤：薬理学、投与方法、および副作用 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors pharmacology administration and side effects
2. 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤中毒 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor poisoning
3. 小児への授乳による抗うつ薬およびベンゾジアゼピン曝露の安全性 safety of infant exposure to antidepressants and benzodiazepines through breastfeeding
4. 妊娠中の抗うつ薬のリスク risks of antidepressants during pregnancy
5. 統合失調症における不安 anxiety in schizophrenia

English Journal

Chronic fluvoxamine treatment changes 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor-mediated behavior in olfactory bulbectomized mice.

Oba A, Nakagawasai O, Onogi H, Nemoto W, Yaoita F, Arai Y, Tan-No K, Tadano T.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
Life sciences.Life Sci.2013 Feb 7;92(2):119-24. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.11.005. Epub 2012 Nov 15.
AIMS: Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in rodents represents a valuable experimental model of depression. This study was designed to shed further light on the impact of putative serotonergic neuronal degeneration in OBX mice and to assess the effect of a widely used antidepressant on serotonergic related
PMID 23159642

5-HTTLPR rs25531A > G Differentially Influence Paroxetine and Fluvoxamine Antidepressant Efficacy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Kato M, Nonen S, Azuma J, Serretti A, Tetsuo S, Takekita Y, Azuma J, Kinoshita T.SourceDepartment of Neuropsychiatry Kansai Medical University Osaka, Japan katom@takii.kmu.ac.jp Department of Pharmacy Hyogo University of Health Sciences Hyogo, Japan Institute of Psychiatry University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka, Japan Department of Neuropsychiatry Kansai Medical University Osaka, Japan Department of Pharmacy Hyogo University of Health Sciences Hyogo, Japan Department of Neuropsychiatry Kansai Medical University Osaka, Japan.
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.J Clin Psychopharmacol.2013 Feb;33(1):131-132.
PMID 23288236

Erratum: niitsu T, fujisaki m, shiina a, et Al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study.

[No authors listed]
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.J Clin Psychopharmacol.2013 Feb;33(1):54. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31827d8a23.
PMID 23288229

Japanese Journal

パニック障害を有する進行性非セミノーマの1例

日本泌尿器科学会雑誌 107(1), 48-53, 2016
NAID 130005298653

A Preliminary Study of Fluvoxamine Maleate on Depressive State and Serum Melatonin Levels in Patients after Cerebral Infarction

Internal Medicine 51(10), 1187-1193, 2012
NAID 130002062447

開眼失行を呈した筋萎縮性側索硬化症/前頭側頭葉変性症の1例

臨床神経学 50(9), 645-650, 2010-09-01
NAID 10027870124

「フルボキサミン」

Fluvoxamine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	2-{[(E)-{5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentylidene}amino]oxy}ethanamine
Clinical data
Trade names	Faverin, Fevarin, Floxyfral, Luvox
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a682275
Pregnancy; category	C;
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM; US: ℞-only;
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	53% (90% confidence interval: 44-62%)
Protein binding	80%
Metabolism	Hepatic (via cytochrome P450 enzymes. Mostly via oxidative demethylation)
Half-life	12-13 hours (single dose), 22 hours (repeated dosing)
Excretion	Renal (98%; 94% as metabolites, 4% as unchanged drug)
Identifiers
CAS number	54739-18-3
ATC code	N06AB08
PubChem	CID 5324346
DrugBank	DB00176
ChemSpider	4481878
UNII	O4L1XPO44W
KEGG	D07984
ChEBI	CHEBI:5138
ChEMBL	CHEMBL814
Chemical data
Formula	C15H21F3N2O2
Molecular mass	318.335
	SMILES FC(F)(F)c1ccc(\C(=N\OCCN)CCCCOC)cc1;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H21F3N2O2/c1-21-10-3-2-4-14(20-22-11-9-19)12-5-7-13(8-6-12)15(16,17)18/h5-8H,2-4,9-11,19H2,1H3/b20-14+ ; Key:CJOFXWAVKWHTFT-XSFVSMFZSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify)

　　[★]

英: fluvoxamine FLVX
化: マレイン酸フルボキサミン fluvoxamine maleate
商: ルボックス、デプロメール
関: セロトニン、セロトニン受容体; 精神神経用剤

向精神薬

抗不安薬(マイナートランキライザー)

選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬(SSRI)

禁忌

1. 本剤の成分に対し過敏症の既往歴のある患者
2. モノアミン酸化酵素阻害剤〔選択的B型モノアミン酸化酵素阻害剤（セレギリン塩酸塩）を含む〕を投与中の患者
3. チオリダジン、ピモジド、チザニジン塩酸塩を投与中の患者

副作用

安全性評価対象例712例中306例（43.0％）、690件の副作用が認められた。内訳は副作用症状256例（36.0％）、522件、臨床検査値異常86例（12.1％）、168件であった。
主なものは嘔気・悪心84件（11.8％）、口渇51件（7.2％）、便秘36件（5.1％）等の消化管障害、眠気69件（9.7％）、めまい21件（2.9％）等の精神神経系障害、怠感23件（3.2％）等の一般的全身障害、ALT（GPT）上昇31件（4.4％）、AST（GOT）上昇20件（2.8％）等の臨床検査値異常であった。（承認時：1999年４月)

添付文書

http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/1179039F1036_1_30/

「maleate」

　　[★]

マレイン酸、マレイン酸塩、マレイン酸エステル

関: maleic acid

maleic acid

[1] "Luvox". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

[LUVOX-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "PRODUCT INFORMATION LUVOX®". TGA eBusiness Services. Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

[3] "FDA Advisory Committee Recommends Luvox (Fluvoxamine) Tablets for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder," PRNewswire, 10/18/93

[4] Karen J. McClellan, David P. Figgitt (Drugs October 2000). "Fluvoxamine. An Updated Review of its Use in the Management of Adults with Anxiety Disorders". Adis Drug Evaluation 60 (4): 925–954. doi:10.2165/00003495-200060040-00006. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Stahl_2009-5] Stahl, S. Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: The Prescriber's Guide. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY. 2009. pp.215

[DailyMed-6] "Fluvoxamine Maleate (fluvoxamine maleate) Tablet, Coated [Genpharm Inc.]". DailyMed. Genpharm Inc. October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

[AMH-7] Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit

[BNF-8] Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8. edit

[9] "US-FDA Fluvoxamine Product Insert". March 2005.

[pmid7507038-10] Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P (November 1993). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness". Drugs 46 (5): 895–924. doi:10.2165/00003495-199346050-00008. PMID 7507038.

[11] Kwasucki, J; Stepień A; Maksymiuk G; Olbrych-Karpińska B (2002). "Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica—open trial". Wiadomości Lekarskie 55 (1-2): 42–50. PMID 12043315.

[12] Schreiber, S; Pick CG (August 2006). "From selective to highly selective SSRIs: A comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram". European Neuropsychopharmacology 16 (6): 464–468. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.013. PMID 16413173.

[13] Coquoz, D; Porchet HC; Dayer P (September 1993). "Central analgesic effects of desipramine, fluvoxamine, and moclobemide after single oral dosing: a study in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 54 (3): 339–344. doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.156. PMID 8375130.

[14] Ritsner, MS (2013). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume I. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. ISBN 9789400758056. edit

[cog-15] Hindmarch, I; Hashimoto, K (April 2010). "Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 25 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1002/hup.1106. PMID 20373470.

[MD-16] Brayfield, A, ed. (13 August 2013). Fluoxetine Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press). Retrieved 24 November 2013.

[Maudsley-17] Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8. edit

[18] "Faverin 100 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Abbott Healthcare Products Limited. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

[LUVOXTIME-19] "Top Ten Legal Drugs Linked to Violence". Time Inc. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2014.

[Pharm-20] Ciraulo, DA; Shader, RI (2011). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 49. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-435-7.

[GG-21] Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8. edit

[22] P., Baumann (1996). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics 31 (6): 444–469. doi:10.2165/00003088-199631060-00004. PMID 8968657.

[23] Gill HS, DeVane CL; Gill, HS (1997). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regime design". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58 (Suppl 5): 7–14. PMID 9184622.

[24] DeVane, CL (1998). "Translational pharmacokinetics: current issues with newer antidepressants". Depression and Anxiety 8 (Suppl 1): 64–70. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<64::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 9809216.

[25] Bondy, Brigitta; Illja Spellmann (2007). "Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotics: Useful For the Clinician?". Curr Opin Psychiatry (Medscape: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 20 (1): 126–130. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f69f. PMID 17278909. Retrieved 2008-02-01.

[26] Kroom, Lisa A. (10-01-2007). "Drug Interactions With Smoking". Am J Health-Syst Pharm. (Medscape: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) 64 (18): 1917–1921. doi:10.2146/ajhp060414. PMID 17823102. Retrieved 2008-01-31. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[27] Waknine, Yael (April 13, 2007). "Prescribers Warned of Tizanidine Drug Interactions". Medscape News. Medscape. Retrieved 2008-02-01.

[sig-28] "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 9 (3): 197–204. September 2009. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354.

[Sittig-29] Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). William Andrew. 2008. p. 1699. ISBN 978-0815515265. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

[drugs.com-30] "Drugs.com―Fluvoxamine". Retrieved 18 October 2013.

[India-31] "Brand Index―Fluvoxamine India". Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2013.

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fluvoxamine maleate